PD Exam 3 Chat

When is the abdominal exam performed?

As part of a comprehensive physical exam, when abdominal symptoms are present, or when musculoskeletal complaints may be referred from a visceral source.

What is the correct sequence of the abdominal exam?

Inspection → Auscultation → Percussion → Palpation

Why is auscultation preformed before palpation?

Palpation can stimulate or alter bowel sounds, leading to inaccurate assessment

What membrane lines the abdominal cavity?

The peritoneum, a serous membrane

What are the greater and lesser omenta?

Double folds of peritoneum surrounding the stomach

What is mesentery?

A fan-shaped peritoneal fold that anchors the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.

Total length of the alimentary tract?

About 27ft

Length of the esophagus?

About 10 in

Length of the small intestine?

About 21 ft

Length of the large intestine?

About 4.5-5 ft

What controls peristalsis?

The autonomic nervous system

Sections of the stomach?

Fundus, body, pylorus

Primary function of the stomach?

Secretion of HCL and enzymes to digest fats and proteins

Does significant absorption occur in the stomach?

No

Sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum (12in), jejunum (8ft), ileum (12ft)

Function of the ileocecal valve?

Prevents backflow from the colon into the ileum

What increases absorptive surface area in the small intestine?

Circular folds and villi

Sections of the large intestine?

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

Primary functions of the large intestine

Water absorption, mucus secretion, bacterial putrefaction

Location of the liver?

RUQ

Major liver functions?

Metabolism, bile synthesis, detoxification, vitamin storage, antibody and clotting factor production.

Function of the gallbladder?

Concentrate and stores bile

Role of bile in digestion?

Maintains alkaline pH and emulsifies fats for absorption.

Exocrine function of the pancreas?

Produces digestive enzymes

Endocrine hormones produced by pancreas?

Insulin and glucagon

Functions of white pulp?

Filers blood, produces lymphocytes and monocytes

Function of red pulp?

Blood storage and release

Location of kidneys?

Retroperitoneal, bilateral

Endocrine functions of kidneys?

Produce renin, erythropoietin, vitamin D, prostaglandins

Four abdominal quadrants?

RUQ,LUQ,RLQ,LLQ

Nine abdominal regions

Epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, R/L hypogastric, R/L lumbar, R/L inguinal

Limited abdominal movement with respiration suggests what?

Peritonitis

Visible peristalsis may indicate?

Intestinal obstruction

Marked pulsations may indicate?

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Normal bowel sound frequency?

5-35 per min

Borborygmi refers to what?

Loud, prolonged gurgling bowel sounds

Absent bowel sounds for 5 min indicates?

Surgical emergency

High- pitched tinkling bowel sounds suggest?

Early intestinal obstruction

Normal liver span

6-12 cm

Percussion finding for ascites?

Shifting dullness and fluid wave

Order of palpation?

Light → Moderate → Deep

Characteristics of mass to document

Location, size, shape, consistency, tenderness, mobility, pulsation

Rebound tenderness suggests?

Peritoneal inflammation.

Iliopsoas test indicates?

Appendicitis

Obturator sign suggests

Ruptured appendix or pelvic abscess

Classic pain pattern of duodenal ulcer?

Pain relieved by food

Crohn disease most commonly affects?

Terminal ileum and colon

Ulcerative colitis hallmark symptoms

Frequent bloody diarrhea

Cullen and Grey Turner signs indicats?

Acute pancreatitis

Current jelly stools are seen in

Intussusception

Projectile vomiting in infants suggests?

Pyloric stenosis

Failure to pass meconium in 24 hours suggests?

Meconium ileus

Linea nigra appears when?

Third trimester of pregnancy

Common GI changes in older adults?

Decreased motility, constipation, bloating