MICROBIO- Parasitology

Protozoa (Gastrointestinal Infection) examples

• Giardia lamblia

• Entamoeba histolyica

• Cryptosporidium

Disease associated:

• Giardiasis—bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea

Giardia lamblia

Treatment for Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica

Metronidazole

Mode of transimission of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica

Cysts in water

Disease associated:
Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica

Disease associated:
* Severe diarrhea in AIDS

Cryptosporidium

Mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium

Oocysts in water

Protozoa (CNS infections) examples

• Toxoplasma gondii

• Naegleria fowleri

• Trypanosoma brucei

Disease associated:

• Reactivation in AIDS 

• Congenital toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii

Mode of transmission Toxoplasma gondii

• Cysts in meat (most common)

• Cat feces

Disease associated:

•  meningoencephalitis

Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri disease

 meningoencephalitis

Mode of transmission Naegleria fowleri

Swimming in warm freshwater

Treatment for Naegleria fowleri

Amphotericin B

Disease associated:

• African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei disease

African sleeping sickness

Mode of transmission Trypanosoma brucei

Tsetse fly

Treatment for Trypanosoma brucei

Suramin for bloodborne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration

Protozoa (Hematologic infection) example

• Plasmosis

• Babesia

Disease associated:
 tertian malaria

Plasmodium vivax/ovale

Disease associated:

cerebral malaria

Plasmodium falciparum

Disease associated:

quartan malaria

Plasmodium malariae

Mode of transmission Plasmodium

Anopheles mosquito

Treatment for Plasmodium?

Chloroquine and Primaquine

Disease associated:

Babesiosis

Babesia

Other info Nematodes:

• Mode: Ixodes tick 

• Blood smear: ring form, “Maltese cross”; PCR

Babesia

Treatment for Babesia

Atovaquone and Azithromycin

Protozoa (Visceral infection) examples

Trypanosma cruzi

Leishmania spp.

Disease associated:
Chagas disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

Disease associated with Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas disease

Mode of transmission Trypanosoma cruzi

Kissing bug

Other info Nematodes:

• South America

• Romaña sign

• TX: Benznidazole or nifurtimox; cruzing in my Benz, with a fur coat on

Trypanosoma cruzi

Disease associated:

• Visceral leishmaniasis  

• Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis spp.

Mode of transmission Leishmaniasis

Sand fly

Other info Nematodes:

• Macrophages containing amastigotes

• TX: stibogluconate

Leishmaniasis spp.

Protozoa (Sexual transmitted infection) examples

Trichomonas vaginalis

Disease associated:
Vaginitis

Trichomonas vaginalis

Other info Nematodes:

• Trophozoites (motile) on wet mount;strawberry cervix

• TX: Metronidazole

Trichomonas vaginalis

Disease associated:
Anal pruritus

Enterobius vermicularis

What is also known as pinworm?

Enterobius vermicularis

What is also known as Giant round worm?

Ascaris lumbricoides

Disease associated:
Ascariasis

Obstruction in the intestine

Ascaris lumbricoides

What is also known as threadworm?

Stongyloides stercoralis

Disease associated:

Duodenitis

Stongyloides stercoralis

Disease associated:
Cutaneous larva migrans

Ancylostoma spp, Necator americanus

What is also known as new world hookworm?

Necator americanus

What is also known as old world hookworm

Ancylostoma spp

Disease associated:
Trichinosis

Trichinella spiralis

What is also known as Whipworm

Trichuris trichuria

Disease associated:

• Trichuriasis

• rectal prolapse

Trichuris trichuria

Intestinal Nematodes Transmission fecal-oral?

• Enterobius vermicularis

• Ascaris lumbricoides

• Trichinella spiralis

• Trichuris trichuria

Intestinal Nematodes Transmission larvae to skin

• Strongyloides stercoralis

• Ancylostoma spp. Necator americanus

Intestinal nematode acquired from undercooked prork

Trichinella spiralis

Nematodes tissue examples?

• Toxocara canis

• Onchocera volvulus

• Loa loa

• Wuchereria bancrofti

Disease associated:

Visceral larva migrans

Toxocara canis

Disease associated:
river blindness (black skin nodules, “black sight”)

Onchocera volvulus

What is also known as African eye worm?

Onchocera volvulus

Transmission of Onchocera volvulus?

Female black fly

Onchocera volvulus treatment

Ivermectin

Disease associated:

• Loaloasis

• worm in conjunctiva

Loa loa

Transmission of Loa loa

Deer fly, horse fly, mango fly

Disease associated:
Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)

Wuchereria bancrofti

Disease of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Elephantiasis

Transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Female mosquito

Treatment for Loa loa and Wuchereria bancrofti?

Diethylcarbamazepine

Cestodes/tapeworms example?

• Taenia solium

• Diphyllobothrium latum

• Echinococcus granulosus

Also known as pork tape worm

Taenia solium

Also known as Beef tape worm

Taenia saginata

Disease associtated:
Intestinal tapeworm

cysticercosis

Taenia solium

Other info Cestodes:
undercooked pork w/ larvae

TX: Praziquantel

Taenia solium

Disease associated:
Vitamin B12 deficiency

Diphyllobothrium latum

Disease of Diphyllobothrium latum?

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Other info Cestodes:
Undercooked fish w/ larvae

TX: Praziquantel

Diphyllobothrium latum

Disease associated:
Hydatid cyst

Anaphylaxis

Echinococcus granulosus

Other info Cestodes:
Dog feces

TX: Albendazole

Echinococcus granulosus

Trematodes/flukes example

• Schistosoma mansoni

• Schistosoma haematobium

• Clonorchis sinensis

Schistosoma mode of transmission

Snail host →  cercariae→ skin

Disease associated:
Liver and spleen enlargement

Schistosoma mansoni

Disease associated:
Chronic infection, urinary bladder

Schistosoma haematobium

Other info Trematodes:
egg with lateral spine

Schistosoma mansoni

Other info Trematodes:

egg with terminal spine

Schistosoma haematobium

Other info Trematodes:
Undercooked fish

Clonorchis sinensis