HDFS 311 Final Review

Expectancy-Value Theory

Theory that motivation is influenced by your expectancy for success, and how much you value the outcome

Self-Determination Theory

Individuals will be motivated if they feel competent, have autonomy, and feel a sense of relatedness/belonging

Abecedarian Project

Early childhood intervention that provided high quality preschool, associated with better outcomes at age 21

Concrete operational phase of development

Piaget's 3rd stage: where children are developing logical thinking skills and improved perspective taking

Pre-operational phase of development

Piaget's 2nd stage: children struggle with perspective taking and conservation tasks

Scaffolding

Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task

Utility value

The extent to which someone is motivated to complete a task because it helps them to achieve a specific goal

Unowned spaces

Locations with minimal supervision when bullying is most likely to occur (e.g., bathrooms, playground)

Controversial social status

Frequently liked by peers, but also frequently disliked

Relational bullying

Includes behaviors that negatively impact peer acceptance, like spreading rumors and social exclusion

Utility value

The extent to which someone is motivated to complete a task because it helps them to achieve a specific goal

Attainment value

The extent to which someone is motivated to complete an activity because it is of personal importance, or reflects part of their identity

Executive functions

Working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility

Socialization

The process of learning which behaviors and attitudes are considered "acceptable" or "appropriate" for people with a specific social identity

Metacognition

Thinking about thinking

Microsystem

Layer of ecological model that includes immediate environments like home or school

Mesosystem

Layer of ecological model that includes interactions between immediate environments

Macrosystem

Layer of ecological model that includes cultural values and norms

Exosystem

Layer of ecological model that includes environments with indirect influence, like a parent's workplace

Chronosystem

Layer of ecological model that captures the specific historic moment and change over time

Sensorimotor phase of development

Phase of cognitive development characterized by reflexive responses to the environment rather than intentional actions

Formal operational phase

Phase of cognitive development typically entered in adolescence, involving abstract reasoning

Reaction range

Concept that genetic potential for a trait is expressed differently depending on environmental conditions

Theory of mind

Cognitive ability that allows individuals to understand that other people have their own beliefs

Basic emotions

Joy, sadness, anger, surprise

Secondary emotions

Empathy, guilt, pride, shame

G-factor theory of intelligence (Spearman)

Theory that a single, general mental ability, "g," underlies all cognitive abilities

Triarchic theory of intelligence (Sternberg)

Includes three types of intelligence: analytic, practical, & creative

Theory of multiple intelligences (Gardner)

Includes 8 intelligences, including linguistic, naturalistic, musical, & bodily-kinesthetic

Attachment styles

Characterizations of caregiver-child relationships, including secure, avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, and disorganized