Chapter 12A Study Guide

Which of the following statements about the cerebral cortex is TRUE?

A. The right cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the left side.
B. Each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite (contralateral) side of the body.
C. The cerebral cortex only controls voluntary movement and has no role in sensation.
D. Conscious behavior involves only one small part of the cortex at a time.

Each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite (contralateral) side of the body.

Why does the brain fold during development?
A. To increase intelligence
B. Because the brain grows slower than the skull
C. To fit within space constraints of the skull
D. To reduce blood flow to the cerebrum

To fit within space constraints of the skull

During development, which direction does the forebrain move?
A. Away from the brainstem
B. Toward the brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
C. Toward the spinal cord
D. Toward the cerebellum

Toward the brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

What is the purpose of the cerebral hemispheres folding?
A. To decrease surface area
B. To envelop the diencephalon and midbrain, increasing surface area
C. To separate left and right hemispheres
D. To protect the ventricles

To envelop the diencephalon and midbrain, increasing surface area

Name the major regions of the adult brain:
A. Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum
B. Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata), cerebellum
C. Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes
D. Midbrain, pons, medulla only

Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata), cerebellum

What are the ventricles of the brain?
A. Lateral, third, fourth
B. Only lateral and third
C. Only third and fourth
D. Central canal only

Lateral, third, fourth

Where are the paired lateral ventricles located?
A. In the hindbrain
B. C-shaped, deep in each hemisphere, separated by septum pellucidum
C. In the diencephalon
D. Continuous with the spinal cord

C-shaped, deep in each hemisphere, separated by septum pellucidum

Where is the third ventricle located?
A. Hindbrain
B. Diencephalon
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Spinal cord

Diencephalon

How is the third ventricle connected to the lateral ventricles?
A. Lateral apertures
B. Median aperture
C. Interventricular foramen
D. Cerebral aqueduct

Interventricular foramen

Where is the fourth ventricle located?
A. Hindbrain
B. Diencephalon
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Midbrain

Hindbrain

How is the fourth ventricle connected to the third ventricle?
A. Interventricular foramen
B. Cerebral aqueduct
C. Septum pellucidum
D. Lateral fissure

Cerebral aqueduct

What openings allow CSF from the fourth ventricle to enter the subarachnoid space?
A. Median aperture (roof) and paired lateral apertures (side walls)
B. Interventricular foramen only
C. Cerebral aqueduct only
D. Longitudinal fissure

Median aperture (roof) and paired lateral apertures (side walls)

Which lobe is primarily responsible for motor control, planning, and higher cognition?
A. Parietal
B. Frontal
C. Temporal
D. Occipital

Frontal

Which lobe mainly handles sensory processing?
A. Parietal
B. Frontal
C. Occipital
D. Temporal

Parietal

Which lobe handles auditory processing and memory?
A. Temporal
B. Frontal
C. Parietal
D. Occipital

Temporal

Which lobe handles visual processing?
A. Temporal
B. Occipital
C. Parietal
D. Frontal

Occipital

The insula is responsible for:
A. Visual processing
B. Gustatory and vestibular processing
C. Auditory processing
D. Motor planning

Gustatory and vestibular processing

Which fissure separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
A. Central sulcus
B. Longitudinal fissure
C. Transverse cerebral fissure
D. Parieto-occipital sulcus

Longitudinal fissure

Which fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
A. Central sulcus
B. Longitudinal fissure
C. Transverse cerebral fissure
D. Lateral sulcus

Transverse cerebral fissure

Which sulcus separates the precentral gyrus (motor) from the postcentral gyrus (sensory)?
A. Parieto-occipital sulcus
B. Central sulcus
C. Lateral sulcus
D. Longitudinal fissure

Central sulcus

Which sulcus outlines the temporal lobes?
A. Central sulcus
B. Lateral sulcus
C. Parieto-occipital sulcus
D. Transverse cerebral fissure

Lateral sulcus

Where is the primary (somatic) motor cortex located?
A. Postcentral gyrus
B. Precentral gyrus
C. Premotor cortex
D. Broca’s area

Precentral gyrus

Function of the primary motor cortex:
A. Controls learned, patterned motor skills
B. Directs muscles of speech
C. Conscious control of precise, skilled skeletal muscle movements
D. Controls voluntary eye movements

Conscious control of precise, skilled skeletal muscle movements

Where is the premotor cortex located?
A. Posterior to precentral gyrus
B. Anterior to precentral gyrus
C. Lateral sulcus
D. Superior to Broca’s area

Anterior to precentral gyrus

Function of premotor cortex:
A. Plans movements, coordinates learned, repetitious, patterned skills
B. Directs muscles of speech
C. Controls voluntary eye movements
D. Conscious sensory perception

Plans movements, coordinates learned, repetitious, patterned skills

Broca’s area is located:
A. Posterior to premotor cortex
B. Anterior to inferior premotor area, usually left hemisphere
C. Superior to primary visual cortex
D. Lateral sulcus

Anterior to inferior premotor area, usually left hemisphere

Frontal eye field function:
A. Controls voluntary eye movements
B. Plans movements
C. Directs speech
D. Processes visual input

Controls voluntary eye movements

Primary somatosensory cortex location:
A. Precentral gyrus
B. Postcentral gyrus
C. Occipital lobe
D. Temporal lobe

Postcentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory cortex function:
A. Conscious motor control
B. Receives general sensory info from skin and proprioceptors
C. Integrates visual inpu
D. Controls balance

Receives general sensory info from skin and proprioceptors

Somatosensory association cortex function:
A. Plans movements
B. Integrates sensory input to understand object size, texture, relationships
C. Receives smell information
D. Controls eye movements

Integrates sensory input to understand object size, texture, relationships

Primary visual cortex location:
A. Extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe (calcarine sulcus)
B. Superior temporal lobe
C. Precentral gyrus
D. Insula

Extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe (calcarine sulcus)

Visual association area function:
A. Recognizes color, form, movement
B. Detects pitch and loudness
C. Controls skeletal muscles
D. Coordinates balance

Recognizes color, form, movement

Primary auditory cortex location:
A. Superior margin of temporal lobes
B. Postcentral gyrus
C. Occipital lobe
D. Insula

Superior margin of temporal lobes

Auditory association area function:
A. Stores sound memories and perception of sound
B. Detects visual movement
C. Plans motor skills
D. Controls eye movement

Stores sound memories and perception of sound

Vestibular cortex location:
A. Posterior insula & adjacent parietal cortex
B. Medial temporal lobes
C. Occipital lobe
D. Precentral gyrus

Posterior insula & adjacent parietal cortex

Vestibular cortex function:
A. Conscious awareness of balance
B. Auditory perception
C. Smell perception
D. Taste perception

Conscious awareness of balance

Olfactory cortex location:
A. Posterior insula
B. Medial temporal lobes (piriform lobes)
C. Frontal lobe
D. Parietal lobe

Medial temporal lobes (piriform lobes)

Olfactory cortex function:
A. Conscious awareness of smell
B. Conscious awareness of taste
C. Visual processing
D. Auditory processing

Conscious awareness of smell

Gustatory cortex location:
A. Insula, deep to temporal lobe
B. Medial temporal lobe
C. Postcentral gyrus
D. Frontal lobe

Insula, deep to temporal lobe

Gustatory cortex function:
A. Conscious awareness of smell
B. Perception of taste
C. Conscious awareness of balance
D. Visual perception

Perception of taste

Visceral sensory area location:
A. Posterior to gustatory cortex
B. Superior temporal lobe
C. Precentral gyrus
D. Occipital lobe

Posterior to gustatory cortex

Function of visceral sensory area:
A. Conscious awareness of body movements
B. Perception of visceral sensations (e.g., full bladder, upset stomach)
C. Visual processing
D. Speech production

Perception of visceral sensations (e.g., full bladder, upset stomach)

Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) function:
A. Intellect, cognition, recall, personality; working memory for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, planning
B. Visual-spatial skills
C. Pattern recognition
D. Balance

Intellect, cognition, recall, personality; working memory for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, planning

Posterior association area location:
A. Frontal lobe
B. Temporal, parietal, occipital lobes
C. Insula
D. Medial temporal lobe

Temporal, parietal, occipital lobes

Posterior association area function:
A. Intellect, planning
B. Pattern & face recognition, spatial localization; understanding written & spoken language (Wernicke’s area)
C. Emotional impact of memory
D. Conscious taste perception

Pattern & face recognition, spatial localization; understanding written & spoken language (Wernicke’s area)

Limbic association area function:
A. Conscious smell perception
B. Provides emotional impact, helps establish memories
C. Plans motor sequences
D. Controls eye movement

Provides emotional impact, helps establish memories

Left hemisphere functions:
A. Visual-spatial skills
B. Language, math, logic
C. Emotion, artistic/musical skills
D. Balance

Language, math, logic

Right hemisphere functions:
A. Language and logic
B. Visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic/musical skills
C. Motor planning
D. Speech production

Visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic/musical skills

Cerebral dominance refers to:
A. Hemisphere dominant for language
B. Hemisphere dominant for balance
C. Hemisphere dominant for smell
D. Hemisphere dominant for vision

Hemisphere dominant for language

Association fibers connect:
A. Gray matter of two hemispheres
B. Parts of the same hemisphere
C. Hemispheres with lower brain/spinal cord
D. Prefrontal cortex with occipital lobe

Parts of the same hemisphere

Commissural fibers connect:
A. Parts of the same hemisphere
B. Gray matter of two hemispheres
C. Hemispheres with lower brain/spinal cord
D. Cortex with basal nuclei

Gray matter of two hemispheres

Projection fibers connect:
A. Parts of the same hemisphere
B. Hemispheres with lower brain/spinal cord
C. Gray matter of two hemispheres
D. Frontal to occipital lobes

Hemispheres with lower brain/spinal cord

Internal capsule:
A. Horizontal fibers connecting hemispheres
B. Compact band between thalamus & basal nuclei
C. Fibers radiating to cortex
D. Sensory cortex

Compact band between thalamus & basal nuclei

Corona radiata:
A. Horizontal fibers connecting hemispheres
B. Vertical fibers connecting hemispheres to lower brain
C. Fibers radiating to cortex
D. Commissural fibers

Fibers radiating to cortex

Basal nuclei general function:
A. Influence muscle movements, regulate slow/stereotyped movements, filter inappropriate responses, inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements, play role in cognition & emotion
B. Direct eye movements
C. Control primary motor cortex
D. Process visual information

Influence muscle movements, regulate slow/stereotyped movements, filter inappropriate responses, inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements, play role in cognition & emotion

Disorders associated with basal nuclei:
A. Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia
B. Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease
C. Cerebellar ataxia and epilepsy
D. Visual agnosia and amnesia

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease