BIOL 112 - Exam 2

organisms needed to know

Proteobacteria

Domain: Bacteria

Characteristics: Gram negative, diverse metabolism/nutrition

Includes many N-fixing bacteria and common gastrointestinal pathogens (“food poisoning”)

Examples: E. coli, Salmonella, vibrio cholerae

Chlamydias

Domain: Bacteria

Characteristics: Gram negative, all are endoparasites (live in animal cells)

Example: Chlamydia in humans causes STD; curable by antibiotics

Spirochetes

Domain: Bacteria

Characteristics: Spiral shape, free living but include disease causing pathogens

Example: Syphilis (STD), Lyme disease (spiral shaped rash)

Cyanobacteria

Domain: Bacteria

Characteristics: Plant-like, oxygen-generating photosynthesis, and some are N-fixers; “blooms” can make toxins

Example: Oscillatoria (filamentous cyanobacterium)

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Domain: Bacteria

Characteristics: Include many decomposers and pathogens

Example: anthrax, tetanus, staph, MRSA infections, strep throat

Halophiles

Domain: Archaea

Characteristics: Live in salt ponds/high salt concentration

Thermophiles

Domain: Archaea

Characteristics: Live in very high temperatures

Red Algae, Eukarya

Supergroup: Archaeplastida

Characteristics: Chloroplasts include unique red phycoerythrin, which is an accessory pigment to help absorb light in deep water

• Cellulose and unique cell wall polysaccharides:

• Carrageenan (thickener, used in ice cream)

• Agar (for petri dish cultures and food)

Chlorophytes (Green Algae), Eukarya

Supergroup: Archaeplastida

Characteristics: Same chloroplasts as in plants, have bi-flagellated cells, eyespot, and have some unicellular forms

Example: Chlamydomonas (unicellular), Volvox (colonial), Caulerpa (multinucleate single cells), Ulva (edible sea lettuce - multicellular)

Slime Molds, Eukarya

Supergroup: Amoebozoans

Characteristics: Live in moist terrestrial habitats, use pseudopodia to move and ingest bacteria as they glide along surfaces

Example: Plasmodial slime mold (multinucleate slime mold), cellular slime mold (slug is created due to a lack of nutrients)

Gymnamoebas, Eukarya

Supergroup: Amoebozoans

Characteristics: Live in soil, freshwater, and marine habitats, move with fat pseudopodia to feed on other protists

Example: Amoeba proteus

Entamoebas, Eukarya

Supergroup: Amoebozoans

Characteristics: Unicellular PARASITES OF ANIMALS, kills and feeds on host cells, spread by durable cyst form

Example: Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebic dysentery

Diplomonads, Eukarya

Supergroup: Excavata

Characteristics: Unicellular, many flagella, no cell well, anaerobic, mitosomes (reduced mitochondria)

Example: Giardia intestinalis

Parabasalids, Eukarya

Supergroup: Excavata

Characteristics: Unicellular, many flagella, no cell wall, anaerobia, reduced mitochondria, asexual

Example: Trichomonas vaginalis - human vaginal parasite (STD)

Euglenozoans, Eukarya

Supergroup: Excavata

Characteristics: unicellular, no cell wall, flagella with crystalline rod, eyespot

Example: Euglena, which can switch nutrition, and Trypanosoma, which is a blood parasite carried by tse-tse fly

Diatoms, Eukarya

Supergroup: SAR (Stramenopiles)

Characteristics: Unicellular phytoplankton, key primary producers with yellow and brown accessory pigments, photoautotrophs

• Have silica walls

Brown Algae, Eukarya

Supergroup: SAR (Stramenopiles)

Characteristics: Multicellular, marine seaweeds, major primary producers, large thallose liverwort form

• Cell wall with cellulose and algin

Example: Kelp (laminaria), algin is used as a commercial food thickener

Oomycytes, Eukarya

Supergroup: SAR (Stramenopiles)

Characteristics: Filamentous, multinucleate, absorptive heterotrophs (digestion precedes ingestion), cell walls with cellulose, not chitin

Example: Plant parasite that caused Irish famine

Dinoflagellates, Eukarya

Supergroup: SAR (Alveolates)

Characteristics: Unicellular aquatic heterotrophs or phytoplankton with red accessory pigments, pair of flagella, blooms can create toxic red tides and kill fish, some are bioluminescent or photosynthetic mutualists

Example: Pfiesteria (lesions in fish), Karenia brevis (red tides)

Apicomplexans, Eukarya

Supergroup: SAR (Alveolates)

Characteristics: unicellular parasite of animals, no cell wall, apial complex helps them enter host cells

• Complex life cycles; require more than one host

Example: Plasmodium, causing malaria carried by Anopheles mosquitos

Ciliates, Eukarya

Supergroup: SAR (Alveolates)

Characteristics: Unicellular ingestive heterotrophs (eats bacteria), no cell wall, have cilia for feeding and locomotion

• Osmoregulation (regulates amount of water in cell; happens in contractile vacuole)

Example: Paramecium

Radiolarans, Forams, Cercozoas, Eukarya

Supergroup: SAR (Rhizarians)

Characteritics: Amoebas with theadlike pseudopodia, contain tests

Example: Ammonia tepida

Domain Bacteria

Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic), protebacteria (E. coli and other food poisoning), gram positive bacteria, spirochettes (spiral shaped), chlamydias (chlamydia - STD)

Domain Archaea

Thermophiles (extreme temperatures), halophiles (extreme salt)

Domain Eukarya

Unikonta (Amoebozoan), Archaeaplastida, SAR, Excavata

Excavata

They all have a feeding groove and most have mitosomes.

Diplomonads (example: giardia)

Parabasalids (vaginal parasite)

Eugelenozoa (crystalline rods - example: euglena)

Unikonta - Amoebozoa

Slime molds - psuedopodia

Gymamoebas - fat pseudopodia

Entamoebas - HUMAN/ANIMAL PARASITES

Archaeaplastida

Chlorophytes - Green Algae: ulva (multicellular) , volvox (colonial), caulerpa (multinucleate unicellular), chlamydomonas (unicellular)

Red Algae - photosynthetic accesory pigment, agin (food), carrageenan (ice cream)

• Chloroplasts come from secondary symbiosis

SAR

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians

Stramenopiles

Brown algae: Kelp, algin

Diatoms: Silica cell wall

Oomycytes: Absorptive heterotrophs, caused Irish Famine

Alveolates

Ciliates: Ingestive heterotrophs (example: paramecium)

Dinoflagellates: Toxic blooms can cause red tides

Apicomplexans: Parasites that require more than one host - complex life cycle (example: plasmodium and anopheles mosquitoes)

Rhizarians

Radiolarans, Formans

Have thin, hair-like pseudopodia that create tests