Social German History

between what years did the majority of the SPD and trade unions support the war?

1914-1916

why did support for the war by the working class deteriorate in summer 1916?

food shortges due to a cold winter

inspired by the russian revolution

mass war casualties

auxillary service act 1916

how many berlin workers went on strike in january 1916?

400,000

what was the concequence of the berlin strikes

it spread to the rest of the country with 1 million on strike in less than a month

what happened at the end of ww1 politically for germany

fall of the kaiserrich and the creation of the weinmar republic

what did the new Weinmar constitution promise for german urban workers?

equal rights with employers in determining working conditions and hours

between 1870-1890 how much did the urban popualtion icnrease?

x2

in 1890-1910 how much did the urban population increase?

x2

between 1910-1940 how much did the urban population increase

36%

what was the ppualtion in berlin in 1919 as opposed to in 1925

1919- 1 million

1925- 4 million

how much did urban wages increase by in 1927?

9%

How much did urban wages increase by in 1928?

12%

how many houses were bult in the weinmar period and why

2 million to allevialte overcrowding

what type of insurance was introduced in the weinmar period

unemployment insurance

what was the argest political party in the weinmr period

the SPD

what affected the progres of the urban working class by the end of the weinmar period

the econocmi crisis of 1929

how many were unemployed by 1933

9 million ( economic crisis)

did the working class support hitler and the nazis

no they continued to support the SPD or KPD

when was nazi rule?

19330-1945

how did the nazis increase emploement for the urban working class

public works schemes and rearmament programmes

how was the urban working class restricted under early nazi rule

banned ability to strike and banned trade unions

between 1929-1938 how much did the working class grow and why

10% - as german industry grew in preparation for war

why was their increased urbanistation in west germany from 1945?

considerable economic growth fulled greater movement to large industrial centres and a shift in the focus of German economics

what percentage worked in rural areas in 1950 comapred to in 1970?

1950- 23%

1970-8%

how much did the german popualtion increase between 1950-1980?

50%

who changed the demogrpahic of the working class in germany?

Guest workers

how many guest workers by 1966?

1.2 million

what did bismarck want to maintain with the 1871 governemnt `

limting the right to vote

what challenged the domiancne of prussia

the SPD and working class

what did bismark try to do in 1878

attempted to maintain peace in Europe through the Congress of Berlin, where he aimed to address territorial disputes and prevent conflicts.

what did bismark introduce in 1883 in hope of attracting the support of the working class

Health Insurance Bill in 1883 to attract the support of the working class.

what were german workers over 60 given in 1889?

given a pension

what did bismarks welfare scheme not improve?

• Working conditions for laborers

• Social welfare for the unemployed

• Women's rights and equality

• Educational opportunities for all social classes

when did the progemame for guest workers end but what did the governemnt do

1973

but the government allowed many to remain in west germany

what did old guest workers do after 1973

turkish workers settled in cities such as berlin and affected the economic and cultural life of germany’s urbanised centres

when and what was Bismarck’s anti socialist legislation

outlawed trade union movement

outlawed SPD

supressed newspapers

jailed leading SPD members

how did bismarck hope to gain the support of the working class despite his anti scoialsit legislation

through introducing a social security scheme

when did bismarck introduce free medical treetment and how was sit funded

in 1883

funded by workers and employers

when did bismarck extend accident insuracne and how many pople were inlcuded un it

1884

7 million workers used it

what were workers given in 1889

a pension from the age of 70 or earlier if disabled

what did bismarcks reforms set up

europes first ever widespread welfare system

why did his legislation fail to achieve his polictcal goal

workers continued to support the banned SPD as they recognised that the welfare system was set up to combat support for the SPD

what did bismarck refuse to consider in his legislation

set working hours

child labour restrictions

sunday rest day

when and why did the artisan tradition come under sever threat

rapid industrialisation

mechanised factories produced cheaper goods than artisans could by hand

what busisinessed in particualr saw a decline

weavers and dyers

between 1882 and 1895 how much did one man artisan businesses decline

13.5%

what did economists fear would happen to artisan businesses and tradition

it would die ou completely in Germany

what did artisanas feel challeneged by

the political elite and growing powers of socialists and trade unions

what did artisanas lack politically and what did this lead to

a party that represented their views leading to artisans embracing radical political partiys

when did it become clear that artisans would survive the german industrialisation

1900

why did artisans survive

new methods and tools allowed them to adapt to increasing competition

shopkeepers and traders joined them to form an angry sector of society

governemnt introduced the protectorist craft laws in 1897

what did the governemnt introduce for artisans in 1897

the protectorist craft laws

what did artisans feel threatened by under weinmar

growing consumeris and construction of large shopping complexes wh

who were artisans attracted to and why under weinmar

the nazis and they promised to protect the artisan tradition

who provided the solid base for the fledgling nazi party in the 1920s

craftsmen, shopkeepers, small businesses

why did artisans support the nazis

anti communist

25 point programme supported small businesses

how did the nazi 25 point programme support small businesses

wholesale businesses would be shut down and their premises givern sot small traders at a cheaper rate

artisans given greater consideration by the state

how much of nazi support was skilled workers

33%

how much of the popualtion did skilled wokers make up

27%

what measures did hitler pass to heklp artisans in 1933

trade unions crushed

department stores restricted

artisans protected from competition

cracked down on employment of low paid, unskilled wormkers

all new artisan shops had to gain permission before being set up- ensured good practice

what was a negative nazi action fore the artisans

they ensured artisans were less important than the interest of big industry

rejected artisans calls for de industriaisation

what was clear abou the german economny by 1934 and how

the nazis would prioritise big industry as thwy launched into full scale rearmamanet through mass industrialisation

what happened to the artisan popuation in the years pre ww2

delcined

what did artisans have to do in 1935 and why

pass the master examination in their craft to ensure a high level of skill was maintained

what good thing did the nazis do for atrisans in 1935?

ordered all uniform from atrisan traders

how much did the artisan population increase between 1931 to 1936

by 1/5th

what happned to department stores in 1936

beagn to grow

how much did department stores turnover increase by 1939 and why

10%

became major employers and able to keep up to 90,000 in work

what impact did nazi fears of unemployment have on artisans

helped larger chain stores survive and grow

what did the nazis do to artisans when war was approaching

attempted torestrict them declaring that they were too numerous

they closed shops decalaring them not economically justified

wht did the artisans who survived nazi closures do

formed cooperatives or used slave labour

what was west german growth drivern by

big industry but artisans played a small role too

why was the west german economic model good for atrisans

it gave them special status and a role in organising/ overseeing training of skilled workers

hoe mnay german traders were employed in artisan trades by 1955

3.5 million

what heppened to artisan cooperatives in west germany

expanded further and small businesses prospered ina financially competitive economy

wht did west germaby do succesfully for artisans

buiklt a reputation for german exports whilst ensuring artisanas maintained an importnat role in the economy

what occured for the peasantry under bismarck and whilhelm

considerable political disussion concerning the ongoing role of agriculture within the industrialising economy wha

what did the junkers do for the peasantry under bismarck and why

vested interest in protecting the rural economy as it relied on large farm holdings for its wealth

what was the agrarian league pressure group and when was it formed

1893

hunker backed group to fight against moves by the governemnt to weaken tariffs against agricultural imports

how did ww1 affect agriculture

loss of workers during the war lead to a decline in agricultural production

fertilisers and fuel prioritised for the war effort

food shortages

what happed to agriculture under weinmar

price slump, bankrupcy and a loss of farms

due to better farming practices in dnamrk and the netherlands causing growing global competition in the food market

what worsened the agricultural decline and price slump under weinamar

the economic depression of 1929

what did the nazis do for agriculture

prmoted rurual germany as the heart of tradition and culture as opposed to degenerate cities

romantisised the german rural life and farming

what policies did the nazis introduce for agriculture

laws to protect farms from forced sales

garunteed high agricultural prices for german goods

what did the nazis fail to do for agriculture

to stop the decline as the grwoth of industruial economy encouraged further migration from rural areas

what worsened the pressure on farms during the nazis

ww2 requirements to be self sufficient

why did agriagriculturecukture improve in west germany

better farming practices and mechanisation

greater efficiency in the west german agricultureal sector

land was consolidated into larger farms

improved productivity

how did west germany improve agricultural mechanisation

subsidised the cost of machinery and demmanded the produce was high quality

downfall fo agricultutal mechanisation in west germany

cased a fall in the workforce

how much did the agricukltural workforce decline between 19509-1960

50%

what did industrialisation under bismarck lead to an emergence of

white collar workers

vaguley what did the rise of white collar workers lead to

economic growth, poltiifcal change, need for jobs in administration teaching legal and science

how much did the civil service grow in prussia between 1850 to 1907 due to whoite collar workers

40,000 to 250,000

how much did school teacher employemnt incerase nby between 1891 to 1913 due to white collar workers

43%

by how much did rhe number of doctors increase between 1876 to 1913 due to white collar workers

x2

what was the impact o greater social mobility in the kaiserreich

germans from lower middle classes could take up higher skilled and better paid jobs as white collar workers

eg. children of artisans seeking greater prospects through education

what was the shift in artisans and white collar workers between the years 1882 to 1907

white collar workers increased to 10% of pop.

artisans decreased to 18.8% of pop.

what social division occured due to a rise in white collar workers

white collar workers had better pay and housing so viewed themselves as seperate from the working class

wht did white collar workers start to do in 1890s

organised political pressure groups that argued for greater recognition of their importance

what did the white collar wokers form in 1901

the coordinating comittee which argued for seperate state insurance schemes wh