carbon and macromolecules

major elements in organic compounds

major elements in organic compounds

CHNOPS

organic compounds

contains carbon and hydrogen

diversity of carbon

it has 4 valence electrons

how many bonds can carbon form?

4 covalent bonds

carbon's most frequent bonding partners

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

what types of bonds can carbon form?

single, double, or triple

what are the 4 macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

isomers

molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in atom arrangement

structural isomer

varies in covalent arrangement

organic chemistry

branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds

cis-trans isomer

differ in spatial arrangement

enantiomers

mirror images of molecules

functional groups

behavior of organic molecules depends on these

hydroxyl

hydroxyl function

can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules helping to dissolve sugars
found in alcohols

carbonyl

carbonyl function

found in sugars and gives rise to ketoses and aldoses

carboxyl

carboxyl function

acts as an acid and can donate H ion
found in cells in the ionized form

amino

amino function

acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution

sulfhydryl

sulfhydryl function

cross-linking to stabilize protein structure

phosphate

phosphate function

forms ATP
reactions with water to form ADP

methyl

methyl function

affects DNA expression

dehydration synthesis

synthesizes a polymer by removing a water molecule

hydrolysis

breaks down a polymer by adding a water molecule

carbohydrate monomers

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

monomers

building blocks of polymers

hydrogen:oxygen ratio in carbs

2:1

dissaccharides

two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

glycosidic linkage

covalent bond by a dehydration reaction

common dissacharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

maltose

glucose + glucose

sucrose

glucose + fructose

lactose

glucose + galactose

polymers

chains of monomers