Ch6

Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

superior vena cava

brings deoxygenated blood from the head and arms to right atrium

inferior vena cava

brings deoxygenated blood from trunk and legs to right atrium

right atrium

right ventricle

tricuspid valve

right atrioventricular valve and has 3 cusps

pulmonary valve

one of 2 ventricular valves, 3 cusps

pulmonary artery

brings deoxygenated blood to respective lungs

lungs

where gas exchange occurs; blood discards co2 and picks up oxygen

pulmonary vein

transports oxygenated blood to left atrium

left atrium

mitral/bicuspid valve

left atrioventricular valve and has two cusps

left ventricle

aortic valve

1 of 2 ventricular valves, 3 cusps

aorta

distributes oxygenates blood to the rest of the body

visceral pericardium

covering of the heart

parietal pericardium

lining of the sac

epicardium

covers the external heart surface

endocardium

inner layer of heart which also covers valves and is continuous with the endothelium that lines the vessels

myocardium

layer between external and internal layers, the thickest; contracts to pump blood out of the heart

coronary artery

brings blood to the myocardium (heart muscle)

left coronary artery

branches into left anterior descending artery (LAD) and circumflex artery, supplies blood to both arteries

right coronary artery

branches to right marginal and posterior interventricular branch, supplies back wall of heart

systole

when ventricles contract

diastole

when ventricles relax and fill with blood

echocardiogram

heart ultrasound that can see tissue damage, pump capacity, size and shape of heart; demonstrates left ventricular hypertrophy by measuring the wall of the left ventricle

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

evaluate heart by measuring electrical activity

cardiac arrhythmia

disturbance in impulses from sinoatrial node or through conductive tissue; heart flutters, contractions, cardiac arrest

Myocarditis

usually caused by virus such as coxsackie, adenovirus, or echovirus, can present as active inflammation and progress to cardiac failure

viral myocarditis

treatment is conservative with bedrest and treatment of underlying condition

cardiomyopathy

dilated, hypertrophic, or restrictive left ventricles

cardiomyopathy

treatment include medications, surgically implanted devices, or heart transplant

Stenosis

narrowing of passageways/valve, decreases blood flow

regurgitation

leaking in valve, blood flows in wrong direction

strep

People who are not properly treated for ____ are at a higher risk for rheumatic heart disease. 

rheumatic heart disease

• complication include valve stenosis, valve regurgitation, damage and weakening of heart muscle

• sometimes mitral of aortic valve damage so severe, requires surgical replacement of valve

mitral valve prolapse

leaflets of the mitral valve bulges into the left atrium when ventricle contracts

cardiac echo

how is prolapse mitral valve diagnosed?

beta blockers

how is prolapse mitral valve most commonly treated?

antibiotic prophylaxis

recommended for severe mitral regurgitation before dental procedure to reduce risk of infective endocarditis

High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

transports cholesterol from heart to liver

Low-density Lipoproteins

transports cholesterol from liver to heart

hyperlipidemia

aka high cholesterol; high levels of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in blood

coronary artery disease

buildup of plaque specifically in the arteries of the heart

Women; men

___ have higher HDL levels than ___.

angiogram

dye is injected and one can see blood vessels and plaques

angioplasty

catheter in inserted into vessel, balloon is inflates and pushes plaque into wall + widens the artery

arteriosclerosis

artery walls are thickened, hardened, and inflexible

atherosclerosis

umbrella term for plaque buildup throughout body

atheroma

term for the irregular mass or yellow, mushy debris or plaque

stable plaque

surrounded by fibrous tissue, causes permanent narrowing of vessel

aspirin

interferes w/ platelet function of clotting and reduces risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke

varicose veins

dilated, spider-like veins due to incompetent valves

• compression sclerotherapy

angina pectoris

chest pains from coronary heart disease

nitroglycerin

treatment for angina pectoris

foramen ovale

hole between the left and right atrium, closes after birth to form depression

fossa ovale

depression formed between left and right atrium after birth

ductus arteriosus

shunt between pulmonary artery and aorta, blood pumped from right ventricle to pulmonary artery, allows blood to bypass nonfunctional lungs (bc fetus doesn’t have developed lungs yet)

• closes after birth, sometimes doesn’t

Tetralogy of Fallot

congenital heart disease; ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve stenosis, misplaced aorta (lies over septum), hypertrophy