HDFS 2100 Dating Mating and Communicating FINAL EXAM

The US Census Bureau defines "single" as being

- cohabiting

- divorced or widowed

- living with parents

- unmarried

unmarried

In the year 2016, the sex ratio was about 96 men for every 100 women in the United States. Why is this important to the study of marriage and the family?

- people will get married younger if there are more men than women in a population

- when there is a vastly uneven ratio of men and women, homosexual relationships are more common

-the sex ratio indicates who will get married and when

- a high rate of heterosexual marriage presumes matching numbers of males and females in a population

a high rate of heterosexual marriage presumes matching numbers of males and females in a population

the cohabitation trend spread widely in the 1960s, took off sharply in the 1970s, and has risen steadily ever since

true or false

true

stable cohabitating families with two biological parents seem to offer many of the same benefits that stable married biological parents provide

true or false

true

social support is necessary for feeling positive about and generally satisfied with being single, whether living alone or not

true or false

true

sociologists who argue that singles weigh the costs against the benefits of marrying are utilizing which of the following perspectives?

- exchange perspective

- structure functional perspective

- conflict perspective

- family ecology perspective

exchange perspective

which of the following is true for lesbian and gay singles?

- lesbian and gay singles are a very homogenous group demographically

- lesbian and gay singles comprise a diverse category of all ages, but racially most are non-hispanic whites

- lesbian and gay singles comprise a diverse category of all ages and racial/ethic groups

- lesbian and gay singles are usually racially prejudiced.

lesbian and gay singles comprise a diverse category of all ages and racial/ethic groups

the number of one-person households has increased dramatically over the past 20 years

true or false

true

How do cohabitating couples in late adulthood compare to married couples in late adulthood?

- to a lesser extent than married couples

- equally to married couples

- a little more often than married couples

- to a greater extent than married couples

to a lesser extent than married couples

the text indicates that perhaps the most important task for unmarried individuals of both genders is to do what?

- to find an appropriate mate

- to develop strong social networks

- to avoid sexually transmitted illnesses

- to understand the value of a permanent companion

to develop strong social networks

what is the key function of marriage for most Americans today?

- a practical, economic institution

- love and ongoing emotional support

- childbearing and rearing

- merging two families

love and ongoing emotional support

which of the following is a type of polygamy wherein a woman has multiple husbands?

- polyandry

- monogamy

- polygamy

- matriarchy

polyandry

family sociologist have noted that time-honored family definitions and social norms "count for far less" than in the past. He calls this which of the following?

- the disrespecting of the family

- the deinstitutionalization of marriage

- tragic and irreversible

- extended kin disdain

the deinstitutionalization of marriage

according to the us census bureau, in the last 50 years, the marriage rate has done which of the following?

- generally declined

- declined only slightly

- stayed consistent

- risen significantly

generally declined

in what kind of society do people identify with and conform to the expectations of their extended kin?

- individualistic

- collectivistic

- libertarian

- progressive

collectivistic

in what kind of society is romantic love valued in marriage?

- individualistic

- collectivistic

- communal

- polyamorous

individualistic

according to which of the following hypothesis, many of the benefits of marriage result from the personal characteristics of those who marry?

- selection hypothesis

- companionate hypothesis

- individualized hypothesis

- romantic hypothesis

selection hypothesis

Marriage partners now expect love and emotional intimacy, open communication, role flexibility, gender equality, and personal growth. Which does this describe?

- the institutional marriage bond

- the companionate marriage bond

- the individualized marriage bond

- the cohabitation bond

the individualized marriage bond

expectations for permanence derive from the fact that, historically, marriage has been a practical social institution

true or false

true

historically, polygamy has been very rare and taboo across all cultures

false

polyamory refers to marriages in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually and emotionally love others in addition to their spouse

true or false

true

****policy advocated from which perspective are mainly concerned about the high number and proportions of parents and children living in poverty?

- change perspective

- decline perspective

- advocacy perspective

- traditionalist perspective

change perspective

***in some social groups, individuals may have friends who are so close that they are considered part of the family, even thought they are not biologically or legally related. what is the term used to describe these close relationships?

- conjugal kin

- extended kin

- nuclear kin

- fictive kin

fictive kin

the phrase "the white picket fence" often symbolizes the ideal of middle class Americans who view marriage as a pathway to a stable and idealized domestic life within their own single-family home. this concept of marriage best describes which of the following?

- the institutional marriage bond

- the companionate marriage bond

- the individualized marriage bond

- the cohabitation bond

the companionate marriage bond

in the policy debate surrounding the deinstitutionalize marriage, which of the following number and proportions or parents and children living in poverty.?

- change perspective

- decline perspective

- advocacy perspective

- traditionalist perspective

decline perspective (marriages are declining)

how many children are considered todays ideal American family size?

- 1

- 2

- 3

- 4

2

in American society, having children is taken for granted, whereas not having children seems to need justification. which of the following do these reflect?

- pro child policy

- pronatalist bias

- child focused tendency

- parenthood bias

pronatalist bias

Studies comparing marriages with and without children consistently report marital happiness to be higher in which of the following?

- large number of children

-small number of children

- "normative" number of children

- no children

no children

which of the following concepts indicates the condition of wanting to conceive and bear a child but being physically unable to do so?

- involuntary infertility

- subfecundity

- primary infertility

- tertiary infertility

involuntary infertility

parents with only one child report that they can enjoy parenthood without being overwhelmed and tied down

true of false

true

the effective use of contraception has contributed both to the falling birthrate and the falling rate of abortion

true or false

true

when parents are interviewed, they report a variety of emotional satisfaction from having children. which of the following is one of these?

- spiritual meaning and purpose in life

- assurance that they would be financially stable in their old age

- achieving social status in adulthood

- a sense of commitment and meaning in an uncertain social world

a sense of commitment and meaning in an uncertain social world

which of the following is one of the significant change that has taken place in American childbearing patterns in the decade since World War II?

- the average number of children an American woman bears has increased

- women are having children at earlier ages

- teen pregnancies are on the rise

- childlessness, by choice or circumstance, is more common today

childlessness, by choice or circumstance, is more common today

the text points out that a stable marriage equals a happy marriage

true or false

false

according to the value of children perspective, with the shift to an industrial economy and the introduction of compulsory education, American society's view of children changed. before these shifts, how were children primarily seen?

- demographic statistics

- emotional liabilities

- emotional necessities

- economic assets

economic assets

which of the following describes the vast majority of single mothers

- have criminal records, usually for minor offenses

- never intended to raise their children without a partner

- are not bothered by their unmarried status

- purposefully decided to raise a child alone

never intended to raise their children without a partner

parenting is probably more satisfying for parents and effective for children when both parent use which parenting style?

- authoritarian

- permissive

- authoritative

- egalitarian

authoritative

which parenting style is indulgent and often leads to the classic "spoiled child"

- authoritarian

- permissive

- authoritative

- egalitarian

permissive

upper class highly educated parents are more likely to emphasize connected cultivation, which is defined as which of the following

- unified parenting

- musical learning

- a form of gardening and nutrition

- the overall development of their Childs talents and potential

the overall development of their Childs talents and potential

working class parents tend to use which model of parenting

- permissive indulgent

- hyperparenting

- concerted cultivation

- the facilitation of natural growth

the facilitation of natural growth

children today face demans for achievement from schools, church, recreational organization, peers, and of course parents. this "scheduled hyperactivity" can produce a " _______ child" who is forced to assume too many challenged and responsibilities too soon

- hurried

- emotionally repressed

- restricted

- passive

hurried

mothers typically engage in more hands on parenting and take primary responsibilities for children than fathers

true or false

true

authoritative parenting combines emotional nurturing and support with parental direction

true or false

true

hyperparendting is being an incredibly positive and almost perfect role model for your children

true or false

false

social fathers seem to improve adolescents outcomes when compared with living in a single mother household

true or false

false

which of the following is identified in the text as among the features of the social context of child rearing the can make modern parenting difficult?

- todays parents rear their children in a society characterized by diverse and conflicting values

- in American society today, the parenting role works well with the working role, and employers typically view work demands second to the family demands

- todays parents are expected to invest less time and effort into parenting and are being judged favorably for parenting decisions

- most parents today do not have to worry about caring for their own aging parents

todays parents rear their children in a society characterized by diverse and conflicting values

In the US, the mother is expected to be the Childs primary ______ parent, assuming the major emotional responsibility for the safety and upbringing of her children

- pseudo-emotional

- psychological

- sociological

- economic

psychological

The new image of a "good" father in today's society says that fathers __________.

- are mainly providers of breadwinners

- are the primary nurturer of the child

- are able t make less money, if they stay at home

- are not only take financial responsibility but also are actively involved in child care

are not only take financial responsibility but also are actively involved in child care

biological or adoptive fathers who do not live with their children are which

- stepfathers

-nonresident fathers

- social fathers

- disinterested fathers

nonresident fathers

which parenting style aligns with the attitude "I am in charge and set/enforce the rules, no matter what"

- authoritarian

- authoritative

- permissive

- egalitarian

authoritarian

a mothers employment completely eliminates the traditional image of motherhood, which is centered around caregiving and homemaking

true or false

false

The pronounced tendency for men and women to be employed in different types of jobs is termed

- gender inconsistency

- occupational segregation

- work sexism

- occupational socialization

occupational segregation

today the statistical norm among married couples is what type of partnership?

- dual- career

- male as sole provider

- two earner

- female as sole provider

two earner

shift work is associated with which of the following

- increased marital satisfaction

- increased shared leisure time

- decreased marital stability

- decreased physical stress

decreased marital stability

sociologist Arlie Hochschild writes that employed parents put in a ________ of unpaid family work in addition to working a paid job that leaves them stressed and drained

- juggling act

- swing shift

- tightrope act

- second shift

second shift

both men and women do far more housework these days than in 1965

true or false

false

in recent years, men have been decreasing their share of housework.

true or false

false

which of the following involves necessary tasks of attending to both the emotional needs of all family members and the practical needs of dependent members, as well as maintaining the family domicile?

- second shift

- unpaid family work

- domestic chores

- good provider role

unpaid family work

the text observes that a little more than half of home based workers are women. besides catching up on work, the reason they give most often for working at home is due to...

- a desire to coordinate work with personal/family need

- a fear of the workplace

- an insistence on not taking orders from others

heterosexual women are more likely than men to adjust their work and home schedule to accommodate caregiving, largely because of which of the following?

- women are paid less on average than male partners

- women are simply more nurturing than men

- most women believe men are not good caregivers

- women generally do not want egalitarian relationships

women are paid less on average than male partners

Study after study shows that marital satisfaction is greater when __________.

- the man provides and the woman does the household work

- wives think that husbands share fairly in the household work

- husbands participation in the household work I actually equal to wives participation

- husbands feel that wives share fairly in the outside employment

wives think that husbands share fairly in the household work

modern parents have increased time caring for their children AND increased their employment hours by...

- increasing their amount of housework

- spending more time on themselves

- putting their children in day care

- seeing their friends less often

seeing their friends less often

in her research on marital communication, Mary Anne Fitzpatrick has found variation among happy couples in their ______, or ideas about the roles they should play, expectations for closeness, and/or distance, and attitudes towards conflict

- relationship ideologies

- couple validation

-attribution ideologies

- consensual validation

relationship ideologies

huston and melt classified relationships into four types. which of the following is NOT one of those relationship types

- tempestuous

- warm

- erotic

- hostile

erotic

according to classification by researchers, Huston and Metz, which type of marriage is high on showing signs of love and affection while low on antagonism

- bland or empty shell

- warm or friendly

- tempestuous or stormy

- hostile or distressed

warm or friendly

according to psychologists, in order to nourish a romantically loving relationship, couples should do which...

- share more about themselves with close friends than with their partner to avoid complicating the relationship

- avoid expressing their love with material gifts

- accept their partners harmless shortcomings

- take the relationship for granted

accept their partners harmless shortcomings

which of the following involved making disapproving judgements or evaluations of ones partner?

- defensiveness

- sabotage

- belligerence

- criticism

criticism

according to the text, contempt, criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and belligerence _______.

- can be transformed into positive features of marriage

- characterize unhappy marriages and signal impending divorce

- are examples of supportive communication

- are barriers strengths to divorce

characterize unhappy marriages and signal impending divorce

according to John gottman, anger, sadness, and whining are examples of which...

- refusing to accept influence

- high intensity negative affect

- low intensity negative affect

- positive affect

low intensity negative affect

according to John gottman, when one partners first negative expression is reciprocated with an escalation of the negativity, this reflects what...

- refusing to accept influence

- positive affect

- sabotage

- stonewalling

refusing to accept influence

all couple conflicts in the home are detrimental to children

true or false

false

conflict is a natural part of every relationship

true or false

true

the text concludes that when both partners develop constructive habits, all of their problems will be solved

true or false

false

what is the emotional bonding of family members referred to as?

- family cohesion

- strong family

- resilient family

- consensual family

family cohesion

research has shown link between what type of parental conflict and children's behavior problems?

- unresolved

- physical

- occasional

- resolved

unresolved

anger and conflict in a relationship are necessary forces and a challenge to be met rather than avoided

true or false

true

counselors generally advise that an important aspect of learning to disagree involved verbalizing anger in what way?

- indirectly

- directly but constructively

- passive aggressive

- randomly

directly but constructively

what is personal power also referred to as?

- authority

- autonomy

- autocracy

- ascription

autonomy

the silent treatment is a from of what kind of power?

- reward

- expert

- coercive

- authoritative

coercive

Daniel and Judith are married. Daniel makes most of the decisions, Judith does most of the housework, and both feel free to raise complaints to each other about their relationship. These observations reflect the different components of

- oligarchy

- egalitarian

- couple power

- social power

couple power

there are several components of relationship or couple power. which of the following is NOT one?

- decision making

- division of labor

- allocation of money

- career importance

career importance

which of the following best describes why changing marital power patterns can be difficult, even for couples who talk about it?

- usually have been established from the earliest days of the relationship

- are grounded in cultural perspectives of patriarchy

- require a feminist perspective

- are hazy and confusing

usually have been established from the earliest days of the relationship

feminist violence researchers argue that intimate partner violence (IPV) by women is largely which

- self defense or retaliation

- situational and not dangerous

- verbal and not physical in nature

- a result of women's growing conjugal power

self defense or retaliation

the text points out that men may abuse the women in their lives, using fear and intimidation in an attempt to gain control. this type of violence has been called....

- diverted wrath

- coercive controlling

- batterers syndrome

- conjugal violence

coercive controlling

which if defined as violence between partners that occurs in conjunction with a specific argument, tends to be less severe in terms of injuries, and is not likely to escalate as the relationship progresses?

- family violence

- situational couple violence

- patriarchal terrorism

- self-defense

situational couple violence

which of the following characteristics phase one of the cycle of violence?

- the violent episode itself

- a calm period

- a buildup of tension

- the honeymoon phase

the violent episode itself

sibling violence is typically personality driven, not situational

true or false

false

adolescent boys are the most frequency perpetrators of child-to-parent violence

true or false

true

under traditional common law, marital rape was not considered rape at all because the wife was considered her husbands property, and he was entitled to unlimited sexual access. this was changed in all 50 states by 1993

true or false

true

which of the following is NOT categorized as child neglect

- overt acts of aggression

- acts of ommission

- failing to provide adequate physical care

-failing to provide adequate emotional care

overt acts of aggression

from a family development perspective what is the definition of family transition?

- an unpredictable crisis, such as a hurricane

- a family crisis, such as a kidnapping of a child

- an outside stressor, such as war

- an expected or predictable change in the course of family life, such as the birth of a baby

an expected or predictable change in the course of family life, such as the birth of a baby

which theoretical perspective views many caused of family stress as originating outside the family, such as in the family neighborhood or workplace?

- family system

- family ecology

- family development

- interactionist

family ecology

the text points out that adding a family member in stressful because doing so involved which of the following?

- intimacy

- family boundary changes

- an ambiguous gain

- moralization

family boundary changes

ambiguous loss may occur when a family member is physically present but psychologically absent, which of the following is an example.

- parent deployed for military service

- divorced parents with one parent with full custody

- parent or grandparent suffering from Alzheimers disease

- mysterious disappearance of family member

parent or grandparent suffering from Alzheimers disease

according to the text, job loss, unwanted pregnancy, homelessness, and being the brunt of racist treatment are all examples of what type of stressor?

- demoralizing events

- daily family hassles

- ambiguous loss

- ongoing conflict

demoralizing events

sometimes everyday hassles pile up to result in what social scientists call _____.

- a stress mess

- the final straw

- stressor overload

- the crisis point

stressor overload

the the face of a crisis, family members may be numbed by the new or sudden stress, and, in a process of denial, go about their business as if the event had not occurred. gradually, however, they begin to assimilate the reality of the criss and to appraise the situation. then, as the text points out, what period sets in?

- transition

- ambiguity

- disorganization

- stress

disorganization

families that are having difficulties or functioning less than effectively before the onset of additional stressors or demands are said to be what?

- listless

- resilient

- open

- vulnerable

vulnerable

what are families capable of "doing well in the face of adversity" called?

- resilient

- real

- strong

- elite

resilient

the Bradford family copes very well with stress, emphasizing mutual acceptance, respect, and shared values. given this information, what can the Bradford family be characterized as?

- vulnerable

- crisis- oriented

- resilient

- creative

resilient