PLSC exam 2 DR Jackson
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155 Terms
What is a spermatophyte?
Seed plants; most crop plants produced by seeds
What are the stages of spermatophyte?
seed germination
produces a seedling
vegetative phase- increase in number and size of root, stems and leaves
reproductive phase- plants flowers and produces seeds
What is the function of roots?
Anchors plants, absorption of water and nutrients, physical support for above ground tissue, and food storage organ
What are the zones of maturation?
Xylem, phloem, cambium, epidermis, and root hairs
What is xylem?
Vessel that transports water to above ground tissue
What is phloem?
Vessel that transports food material from above ground tissue
What is the cambium?
Layer under epidermis that protects vascular tissue
What is the epidermis?
Outermost tissue layer; some absorption
What are root hairs?
Major site of water and nutrient absorption on surface
What are the zones of elongation?
Apical meristem and root cap
What is the apical meristem?
Area of cell division and extension into the soil
What is the root cap?
Protects the growing point
What is the radicle?
Embryonic or primary root
What are the types of root systems?
Fibrous and tap root
What is a fibrous root system?
Many slender roots similar in diameter and length
Fibrous root systems are common in what?
Monocots
What happens in a fibrous root system?
A primary root ceases elongation in many roots diverge from there
What is a taproot?
Main root that pushes straight down word with lateral roots branching throughout it's length
Taproots are common in what?
Dicots
Root hairs increase what?
Root surface area
Nutrient absorption is independent of water needs. What does that mean?
Water is required to maintain turgidity for uptake
What is turgidity?
pressure in the cell wall of the plant that help it to maintain its rigidity
What type of soil do roots grow best in?
Moist soil but not saturated
What is the function of the stem?
conduct water and nutrients from soil through xylem
conduct food materials through phloem from leaves to other parts
support and protect plants
display leaves and flowers
contains notes that are in large areas on stem where vegetation and buds develop
What are the different types of stems?
Stolons, rhizomes, Tubers, bulbs, and corms
What is a stolon?
Horizontal ABOVE ground stems; runners
What is an example of stolons?
Bermudagrass, st. Augustine, and strawberries
What are rhizomes?
Horizontal UNDERground stems
What is an example of rhizomes?
Bamboo and quackgrass
What are tubers?
Fleshy, BELOW ground stems; a lot of stored carbohydrates
What is an example of tubers?
potatoes and artichoke
What are bulbs?
Narrow stems surrounded by layers of rings
What is an example of bulbs?
Onions and tulips
What are corms?
Compressed, fleshy, and solid UNDERground stems
what is an example of corms?
crocus and timothy
what are fine feeder roots essential for?
growth
What is fertigation?
Application of soluble fertilizer in irrigation water to give a little more nutrients every day
what are the functions of leaves?
absorb light during photosynthesis
allow cooling during transpiration
veins are xylem and phloem
what type of veins do monocots have?
parallel veins
what type of veins do dicots have?
net veined
what are photosynthates?
all molecules produced from photosynthesis
what are the types of veins?
parallel, pinnate, and palmate
what is a parallel vein?
veins are parallel to leaf axis
what is an example of parallel veins?
corn
what is a pinnate vein?
net venation with vein extending from mid-rib
what is an example of pinnate?
american beech
what is a palmate vein?
net venation with major veins diverging from the petiole and leaf blade union
what is am example of palmate vein?
silver maple
what are leaves?
whole organ of photosynthesis
What is a petiole?
the stalk of a leaf that connects leaf to stem
what is a mid-rib?
main vein through center of leaf
what are nodes?
joint of the stem
what does a node do?
point of origin of leaf or bud, point of greater cellular activity, and may show ring or leaf scar
what are the different leaf arrangements?
opposite, alternate, and whorled
what are alternate leave arrangements?
leaves spread in alternate fashion along stem
what are opposite leave arrangements?
leaves directly across from each other on stem
what are whorled leave arrangements?
three or more leaves present at node
what are the structures in stamen?
anther and filament
what are the structures in pistil?
stigma, style, ovary, and ovule
is the stamen female or male?
male
is the pistil female or male?
female
what are solitary flowers?
one flower per stem
What is inflorescence flower?
a cluster of flowers in a particular arrangement
what is an example of inflorescence flower?
umbell
where is the seed born?
ovule
What is a perfect flower?
has both stamens and pistils
what is a imperfect flower?
either missing a stamen or pistil
What is a monoecious flower?
same plant has male flowers and female flowers; separate stamens and pistils
what is an example of monoecious flowers?
squash
What are dioecious flowers?
plant has either stamens or pistils but not both
what is a example of dioecious flowers?
holly bushes
what structure accepts pollen?
stigma
what is a determinate plant?
vegetative growth ceases with formation of flowers/ fruits; more compact plants
what is a example of determinate plants?
tomatoes: better bush, roma, and rutgers
what is a indeterminate plant?
vegetative growth can continue after flowers/fruits start forming; larger plants
what is a example of indeterminate plant?
tomatoes: most cherry varieties, better boys, early girls, and most heirloom varieties
what are the two types of pollination?
self pollination and cross pollination
What is a self-pollinating plant?
pistil is pollinated with pollen from the same flower or flowers on the same plant
what is a example of a self-pollinating plant?
wheat, oats, rice, and soybeans
what is a cross-pollinating plant?
when pistil is pollinated by pollen from flowers on another plant
what is a example of a cross-pollinating plant?
corn, sorghum, rye, clover
the style acts as what?
pollen tube
what are the different parts of leaves?
Petiole, Margin, midrib, sinus, and lobe
what are the different parts of flowers?
stigma, style, filament, anther, ovary, ovule, petal, receptacle, and sepal
What is photosynthesis?
production of carbohydrates from CO2 and water in the presence of chlorophyll using light energy
6CO2 + 12H20 + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20 is the equation for what?
phtosynthesis
in photosynthesis, carbs are stored as what?
sugars and starches
what is glucose converted to in photosynthesis?
compounds for metabolism
What is chlorophyll?
pigment that accepts light
Where are cholorplasts found?
mesophyll cells
what colors are best absorbed in chloroplast?
blue and red
What is the visible light spectrum?
400-700 nm
For photosynthesis, what temp is best for most efficient growth?
65 to 85 degrees F
What is the Calvin Cycle?
reduction of carbon by reaction in chloroplast cells
what does a C3 pathway produce?
3-carbon
in a C3 pathway, what catalyzes this reaction?
Rubisco
what plants are an example of C3 pathway?
wheat, soybean, most plants
what does a C4 pathway produce?
4-carbon
in a C4 pathway, what is catalyzed in this reaction?
PEP carboxylase
in a C4 pathway, what happens?
the 4-carbon sugar is delivered to Rubisco and normal C3 reactions occur
Note 
Flashcards (28)