Bones, Joints and Ligaments OH MY!

what is the epiphyseal plate?

cartilage between end and shaft of bone

what is the epiphysis?

end of long bone

what is the metaphysis?

between epiphysis and diaphysis, vascular growth zone

what is the diaphysis?

shaft of long bone

what is cancellous bone?

spongy bone

what is cortical bone?

compact bone on the surface of bones

what is the endosteum?

sources of new osteoblasts if remodeling is necessary; lines haversian canal

what is the haversian system?

basic structural unit of compact bone, canal and lamellae concentrically arranged

what is the lacuna?

small space/cavity around cells that contains osteocytes

what is the lamella?

concentric matric around osteoblast w

what is an osteoblast?

forms bone, derived from mesenchyme

what is an osteoclast?

breaks down bone, multinucleated cell

what is an osteocyte?

mature bone cells, derived from osteoblasts

what is an osteoid?

made by osteoblasts to from new bone, organic component in bone matrix, deposits hydroxypatite

what is the trabeculae?

fibrous, interconnected strands in medullary component

what are volkmann’s canal?

transverse canal in bone; contains nutrient artery

what is the asterion?

meeting of lamboidal suture, occipitomastoid suture and parietomastoid suture

what is the pterion?

meeting of great wing of sphenoid and parietal bones

what is the inoin?

external occipital protuberance

what is the lambda?

meeting of lambdoidal and sagittal sutures

what is the bregma?

meeting of coronal and sagittal suture

what is a fontanelle?

soft spots in the skull of a new born baby

what is the anterior fontanelle?

locates at the bregam, largest

what is the posterior fontanelle?

located at the lambda

what is the lateral fontanelle?

located at pterion

what is the mastoid fontanelle?

located at asterion

what is a synarthrosis joint?

immovable fibrous

what are synostossi joints?

the sutures of the skull

what are gomphosis joints?

teeth

what are amphiarthrosis joints?

slightly moveable cartilaginous joints

where are synchondrosis joints found?

epiphyseal plates, sternal articulations and hyaline cartilage

where are symphysis joints found?

IVD, pubic symphysis and fibrocartilage

where are syndesmosis joints found?

interosseous membrane

what are the amphiarthrosis joints?

sychondrosis, symphysis and syndesmosis

what are diarthrotic joints?

freely moveable

what are the uniaxial diarthrotic joints?

hinge/ginglymus and pivot/trochoid

what is an example of a hinge joint?

cubital humeoulnar, tibiofemoral or talocural

what is an example of a pivot joint?

atlantoaxial or proximal radioulnar

what are the biaxial diathrotic joints?

ovoid/condylmus and saddle/seller

what are the triaxial joints?

glinding/planar and ball and socket/spheroidal

what is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

immediately distal to head of humerus

what is the surgical neck of humerus?

below greater and lesser tuberosities most common area of fracture

what does the greater tuberosity serve as?

attachment of supra and infraspinatus and teres minor

what does the lesser tuberoisty serve as?

attachment for subscapularis

what is the intertubercular groove?

seperates the greater and lesser tuberosity

what does the intertubecular groove house?

bicipital tendon

what attaches to the medial lip of intertubercular groove?

teres major

what attaches to the lateral lip of intertubercular groove

pec major

what attaches to the floor of intertubercular groove?

latissimus dorsi

what does the deltoid tuberosity serve as?

attachment for deltoid

what does the spiral/radial groove contain?

radial nerve

what does a spiral fracture damage?

radial nerve

what are the distal features of the humerus?

medial and lateral epicondyles

capitulum

trocheal

coronoid fossa

radial fossa

oleccranon fossa

what does the capitulum articulate with?

articulates with radius

what does the trochlea articulate with?

ulna

what is the first bone to ossify?

the clavicle

what joint connects the clavicle to manubrium?

sternoclavicular joint, contains an articular disc

what does the sternal end of the clavicel have?

impression for costoclavicular disc

what joint connects the axial and appendicular skeleton?

acromionclavicular joint

what ligaments attach to the AC joiny?

conoid and trapezoid

what does the conoid tubercle attach?

the conoid ligament

what does the trapezoid line serve as?

attachment for trapezoid ligament

what does the scapula articulate with?

humerus and clavicle

what is on the anterior surface of the scapula?

subscapular fossa, subscapular notch, coracoid process

what runs in the suprascapular notch?

suprascapular nerve

what attaches on the coracoid process?

pec minor, coracobrachilias, short head of biceps brachii

what is on the lateral surface of the scapula?

glenoid fossa, supragelnoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle

what is on the posterior surface of the scapula?

spine, acromion, infraspinous fossa and supraspinous fossa

what are the ligaments of the shoulder?

transverse humeral, GH, coracohumeral, glenoid labrum

where does the transverse humeral ligament run?

extends between the lesser and greater tubercles of the humerus

what is on the proximal end of the ulna?

olecranon, coronoid, trochlear notch, radial notch, ulnar tuberosity

what attaches at the olecranon?

triceps brachii

what forms the trochlear notch?

olecranon and cornoid process

what does the radial notch articulate with?

head of radius

what is at the distal end of the ulna?

head of ulna, ulnar styloid, has an articular disc

what does the head of the radius articulate with?

capitulum

what surrounds the head of the radius?

annular ligament

what is located at the proximal end of the radius?

head of radius and radial tuberosity

what is at the distal end of the radius?

radial styloid, listers tubercle, ulnar notch

what does the distal radius articulate with?

scaphoid and lunate

where are haygarth’s nodes?

bony growths at MCPs in RA

what are bouchard’s nodes?

bony growths at PIPs in RA or OA

what are heberden’s nodes?

bony overgrowths at DIPs in OA

what is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?

scaphoid

what is the most commonly dislocated bone in the wrist?

lunate

what are the bones in the proximal row of wrist?

scaphoid — lunate — triquetrum — pisiform

what is in the distal row of carpal bones?

trapezium — trapezoid — capitate — hamate

what does the bony pelvis consist of?

2 hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

what are the 4 articulations within the pelvis?

SI joint (2), sacrococcygeal symphysis, and pubic symphysis

what can the pelvic region be divided into?

greater and lesser pelvis

what is the pelvic inlet?

junction between greater and lesser pelvis

what is the pelvic diaphragm?

a wide, thin, muscular layer that forms the inferior border of the abdominopelvic cavity

what muscles are in the pelvic diaphragm?

levator ani and coccygeus

what does the iliofemoral ligament prevent?

hyperextension

what is the strongest ligament in the hip?

iliofemoral

what does the pubofemoral ligament prevent?

hyperabduction and hyperextension

what does the ischiofemoral ligament prevent?

hyperextension

what does the transverse acetabular ligament do?

bridges acetabular notch and joins the two ends of the acetabular labrum thus forming a complete ring

what does the femoral capital ligament carry?

foveal artery

what is the fovea capitus?

small indentation at the head of the femur