Leadership Theories and HRM Concepts Overview

Trait Theory

This theory posits that certain inherent traits and characteristics make individuals effective leaders. Common traits include intelligence, assertiveness, and empathy.

Behavioral Theory

Focuses on specific behaviors and actions of leaders rather than their traits. Key behaviors include task-oriented (initiating structure) and people-oriented (consideration) actions.

Contingency Theory

Suggests that the effectiveness of a leadership style is contingent upon the context and situation. Leaders must adapt their style to fit the specific circumstances.

Fiedler's Contingency Model

Assesses whether a leader's style is task-oriented or relationship-oriented and matches it to situational favorableness.

Situational Leadership Theory

Developed by Hersey and Blanchard, this theory proposes that leaders should adjust their style based on the maturity and competence of their followers.

Directing Style

High directive, low supportive behavior for followers needing guidance.

Coaching Style

High directive, high supportive behavior for followers needing motivation and guidance.

Supporting Style

Low directive, high supportive behavior for confident but inexperienced followers.

Delegating Style

Low directive, low supportive behavior for competent and committed followers.

Transformational Leadership

Leaders inspire and motivate followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes by transforming their attitudes and assumptions.

Idealized Influence

Serving as role models.

Inspirational Motivation

Articulating a compelling vision.

Intellectual Stimulation

Encouraging innovation and creativity.

Individualized Consideration

Providing personalized support and coaching.

Transactional Leadership

Focuses on exchanges between leaders and followers, where compliance is achieved through rewards and punishments.

Servant Leadership

Leaders prioritize serving others, focusing on the growth and well-being of their teams and communities.

Empathy (Servant Leadership)

Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.

Listening (Servant Leadership)

Valuing others' perspectives.

Stewardship (Servant Leadership)

Taking responsibility for the organization's resources and people.

Path-Goal Theory

Leaders clarify the path to achieve goals, remove obstacles, and provide support.

Directive Leadership Style

Providing clear instructions.

Supportive Leadership Style

Showing concern for followers' well-being.

Participative Leadership Style

Involving followers in decision-making.

Achievement-Oriented Leadership Style

Setting challenging goals and expecting high performance.

Recruitment and Selection

Process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified individuals for a job.

Training and Development

Enhancing employees' skills, knowledge, and competencies.

Performance Management

Continuous process of setting objectives, assessing progress, and providing ongoing coaching and feedback.

Compensation and Benefits

Total rewards provided to employees in return for their services.

Employee Relations

Managing the employer-employee relationship to ensure satisfaction and compliance with labor laws.

Legal Compliance

Ensuring HR practices adhere to labor laws and regulations.

Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)

Preventing discrimination.