d) Car stopping distances

• define stopping distance

• the total distance travelled by a vehicle from when the driver sees a reason to stop to when the vehicle stops

• state the formula for stopping distance

• stopping distance (m) = thinking distance (m) + braking distance (m)

• define thinking distance

• the distance travelled by a vehicle from when the driver sees a reason to stop to when they begin to use the brakes

• state the formula for thinking distance

• thinking distance (m) = speed (ms^-1) × reaction time (s)

• define braking distance

• the distance travelled by a vehicle from when the driver begins to use the brakes to when the vehicle stops

• state the factors that affect the stopping distance

• the speed of the vehicle

• the condition of the brakes, tyres, or road

• the alertness of the driver