write out stuttering part 2

Developmental

· Most common factor

· Onset happens when life is normal

· Research is mainly Inconclusive

· Language development may surge ahead of speech motor control skills (giving them demand for much to say but limited capacity to say it fluently)

· Motor skills are competing for neural resources leaving language and speech production affected

Genetic

· Genetic factor Predispose children to stuttering

· Children who stutter are most likely to have relatives who stutter

· Make sure parent know it's not their fault

· If parents are persistent stutter, then child will most likely be as well

Environmental

· Research inconclusive

· Onset happens normal time in life

· Criticism of speech or stressful events can (combine w neurodevelopmental factors) to make stutter worse

· Environment can change to help the child

· Parent and child interactions should be observed and analyzed to provide ideas for improvements

Congenital

· Predisposed to it

· 40-70% of stutters have no family history of stuttering

· Stuttering can be associated w premature birth, surgery, brain injury

· Clinician should review child's early health history

Sensory motor

· Poor auditory processing

· slow reaction times

· slow transition

· longer vowels

· less activity in auditory processing areas of brain during speech

· less grey matter in auditory perception areas

Emotional

· anxiety

· most of this anxiety comes from repeated negative experiences

· they have a greater amount of emotional reactivity

· greater automimic arousal

Language

· weather a word is stuttered is influenced by the class, length, location of word

· onset occurs during rapid language acquisition

· normally happens during preschool

· less robust language processing abilities

Brain function/ structure

· structure and function influence each other

· reduced volume in gray matter Broca's area

· evidence supports that treatment can change neurological function

· persistence's is associated with less dense white matter