TAMU BIOL 319 LAB Preface and Lab 1

Sagittal plane/section

divide the body or organ into right and left portions

Midsagittal plane/section

divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides

Frontal (coronal) plane/section

divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (cross section)

divides the body or organ into superior and inferior sides

Oblique

passes through the body or organ at an angle

Anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

Nearer to or at the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Nearer to or at the back of the body

Medial

Nearer to the midline of the body

Lateral

Further from the midline of the body

Intermediate

Between two structures

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body as a structure

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the trunk or point of attachment

Superficial

Toward or on surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Osteocyte

derived from osteoblasts- involved in bone maintenance

Osteoclast

Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix

Osteoblast

Derived from osteoprogenitor cells - secretes organic components of matrix

Osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Histology

study of tissues

Tissues

group of cells that are similarly structured and work together to accomplish specific function

epithelial tissue

lines and covers organs, their internal passageways, and forms glands

Surfaces in epithelial tissues

Basal (basement) and apical (top)

epithelial tissues structure

sheet of cells tightly joined together by tight junctions

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium function

secretion and absorption

Stratified Squamous Epithelium function

protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Tight Junction

connections b/t cells that prevent fluid from going between cells and making them go through it

desmosomes

connections made up of protein b/t cells that holds them together

Epithelial Functions

filter, absorb, protect, secrete, excrete, sensory reception

Apical (free) surface

Surface of the cells that are exposed to the external environment or to an internal passage way or cavity

Basal Lamina

how epithelium attaches to body, functions as filter at base of epithelium

Simple epithelium

one single layer of cells

Goblet Cells

secrete mucus that coats cells to protect epithelia at free surface

Stratified epithelium

Composed of more than one layer of cells

Most common type of stratified epithelium

stratified squamous

Classifying stratified epithelium with 1+ epithelial cells

type at free surface determines classification of tissue

Regeneration of tissues

How easily the tissues can be regenerated; based on the rate of mitosis and the amount of blood supply

These tissues have GOOD or EXCELLENT regeneration

Epithelial tissue, bone, areolar tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood forming tissue

These tissues have MODERATE regeneration

Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue

These tissues have WEAK regeneration

Skeletal muscle and cartilage

These tissues have NONE or ALMOST NO regeneration

Cardiac muscle tissue and (central nervous system) nervous tissue

Reasons why regeneration of tissue can be high

high rate of mitosis and adequate/abundant blood supply

reticular lamina

made up of fine collagen fibers

Basement Membrane

helps epithelia resist tearing/stretching, resists structural integrity and creates boundary

Avascular

no blood vessels or supply

Innervated

supplied by nerve fibers for regulation

Function: simple squamous epithelium

allow passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection isn’t important; secrete lubricating substances in lining

Description: simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest form of epithelia

Location: simple squamous epithelium

Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

Avelous

Air sack present in between linings of the simple squamous in the lung

Endothelium

provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in hollow organs that transport fluids

Mesothelium

the epithelium found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

Description: simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

Function: simple cuboidal epithelium

Secretion and absorption

Location: simple cuboidal epithelium

Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

Description: simple columnar epithelium

single layer of tall cells with round/oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

Function: simple columnar epithelium

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus/reproductive cells by ciliary action

Location: simple columnar epithelium

Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

Description: stratified squamous epithelium

thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

Function: stratified squamous epithelium

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Location: stratified squamous epithelium

nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

Basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this

Description: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia

Function: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

Location: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

Description: transitional epithelium

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch

Function: transitional epithelium

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: transitional epithelium

lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra

Connective tissue

provides structural support and connects all of its parts

Fibroblasts

cells that secrete the proteins that join other molecules in the matrix to from fibers

Mast cells

Detect foreign microorganisms and initiate immune responses against them

Adipocytes

fat cells and contain vacuoles for storage of lipids

Loose connective tissue

has an open network of protein fibers in a thick, syrupy ground substance and is divided into three groups

Dense connective tissue

Made up of two types of fibers: protein fibers assembled into thick bundles of collagen and elastic fibers with widely scattered cells

Dense regular

Protein fibers in the matrix are arranged in parallel bands (same direction)

Dense irregular

fibers are interwoven run in many directions

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

blood and lymph

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?

bone and cartilage

Perichondrium

surrounds all supporting connective tissue in cartilage and produces chondroplasts

What are the three types of cartilage?

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Which tissue has all 3 fibers present?

Areolar tissue

Description: Areolar Connective Tissue

gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells; loose arrangement of fibers

Function: Areolar Connective Tissue

wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid

Location: Areolar Connective Tissue

Widely distributed under skin

Description: Adipose tissue

matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes/fat cells have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

Function: Adipose tissue

provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Location: Adipose tissue

under skin, in butt, breasts, and abdomen

Description: Reticular tissue

network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

Function: Reticular tissue

forms a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

Location: Reticular tissue

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, and spleen)

Description: Dense regular connective tissue

Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast

tendons

muscle to bone

ligaments

bone to bone

Function: Dense regular connective tissue

attaches muscles to bones/muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Location: Dense regular connective tissue

Tendons (connect muscle to bone); most ligaments (connect bone to bone); aponeuroses

Description: Dense regular elastic tissue

Dense regular elastic tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers