Music theory #4

The Age of Enlightenment

reason, individualism, and scientific inquiry

The wealth of Nations by Smith

laid out the principles of free markets and capitalism

Viennsse school

a name given to a group of classical era composers

example of a viennsse school

Hadyn, Mozart, and Beethoven

elements of classical style

singable, lyrical melody, regular rhythms and meters, melody with accompanying harmony, frequent use of folk elements, homophonic texture, diatonic

Patronage

sponsorship of the aristocracy

Theme

musical thoughts or ideas

thematic development

varying melody, rhythm, and harmony

motives

a theme can be divided into motives; the smallest melodic or rhythimic units

Ostinato

an italian word that maens "obstinate" of "stubborn", a figure that repeats over and over, usually in the bass

absolute music

music with no pictorial or literary association

multi-movement cycle

a 3 or 4 movement structure found in various genres, such as the symphony, sonata, string quartet or concerto

symphony & string quartet movements

I - fast

II - slow

III - triple-meter dance

IV - fast

1st movement: Sonata-allegro form (sonata form)

There are three main sections in sonata-allegroform/sonata form: exposition, development, recapitulation and coda.

exposition

two themes are presented in contrasting keys

development

one or more of the themes undergo thematic development

recapitulation

which occurs after the development section, all themes return in the tonic key

coda ("tail" in Italian)

movement will often end with a coda which is an extension of the final closing theme leads to the finalcadence or resting point in the home key

1st movement: Sonata-allegro form (sonata form) Ex:

A (exposition repeated) B (development) A' (recapitulation) coda

2nd movement: theme and variations

in an andante or adagio tempo, changes of key, theme & variation form, set forth the idea of the theme in a new way

2nd movement: theme and variations Ex:

Theme: a b

Variation I: a' b'

Variation II: a'' b''

Variation III: a''' b'''

theme and variations

The theme is stated, followed by a series of structured variations.

3rd movement: Minuet & Trio

made with a trio and a Minuet or Scherzo

3rd movement: Minuet & Trio Ex:

A: Minuet- a b, dance I

B: Trio- c d, dance II (3 instruments)

A: Minuet- a b, dance I (no repeats)

Minuet

a stately Barque dance in triple meter

Trio

a different minuet played by fewer instruments (usually 3) and thus quieter in nature than the minuet

Scherzo (italian for "joke")

3rd movement option; replaced the minuet & in the 19th century

4th movement: Rondo

Multimovement cycles in the Classical era often ended with another sonata-allegro form (aspreviously discussed) or a rondo

4th movement: Rondo Ex:

A-B-A-B-A, or A-B-A-C-A, or A-B-A-C-A-B-A

rondo

based on the recurrence of a catchy musicial refrain or idea known as the ronde theme, which is labeled as "A" in this diagram

Who is Joseph Haydn

-Born in Austria,

-"Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet".

-wrote 100+ symphonies

-Patronage of hungarian princes for 30 yrs

-went to England

string quartet

2 violins, 1 viola, 1 cello

serenade

genre that combines elements of the symphony and chamber music, performed in the evening or at a social function

divertimentos

genre for chamber ensemble or soloist, often performed as light entertainment

Joseph Haydn: String Quartet, Op. 76, No. 3, (Emperor) II

-set of 6 string quartets

-"emperor" based on a hymn that hadyn worte for the Austrian emperor

-became Austria's national anthem

-hymn was adopted in 1922 by germany

Symphony

the principal instrumental form of the classical era

rocket themes

quick rise form low to high register

Steamroller effects

long drawn-out crescendos

strings in classical orchestra

provided melody

woodwinds in classical orchestra

add color and assisted strings

brass in classical orchestra

sustain the harmonies and add body to sound mass

timpani in classical orchestra

supplied rhythmic life

Joseph Haydn: Symphony No. 100 (Military), II

-large orchestra

-part of london symphonies

-"military" due to use of percussion instruments associated with turkish military music

-second (II) movement, graceful theme

who is Wolfgang amadeus Mozart

-austrian composer, pianist, violinist

-child prodigy; rebelled against the partronage system

-Archbishop of Saizburg dismissed him of his duties

-requiem mass, left unfinished

-died at 35; rheumatic, fever, heart disease, trichinosis

who is Leopold Mozart

-father of Mozart

-organiszed concert tours for Wolfgang and sister

-domineering man who strove to ensure his childen's success

Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, "A Little Night Music"

-serenade for strings

-written for outdoor public performances

4 movements (originally 5)

Sonata & Concerto movements

I - fast

II - slow

III - fast

cadenza

a brilliant solo passage in the manner of improvisation, and which interrupts the movement toward the end

Movements of the Concerto

I - Sonata-allegro

II - slow and lyrical; theme and variations, rondo

III - Sonata-allegro or Rondo form

Joseph Haydn: Trumpet Concerto in E-flat major

-original manuscript lost until 1929

-central to trumpet repertory

-3 movement form

-has double exposition as found in many concerto movements

Sonata

an instrumental work for one of two instruments consisting of 3 or 4 contrasting movments

Beethoven: Piano Sonata in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 2 ("Moonlight")

-piece was compared to the moonlit scenery along Lake Lucerne in Switzerland

-Dedicated to Countess Giuletta Guicciardi

-Once thought to be Beethoven's "Immortal Beloved"

Ludwig van Beethoven

-composer and pianist, musical family

-never attached to the court of a prince

-hearing loss in his late twenties

how many symphony did Beethoven write

nine

Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor

I Allegro con brio, sonata-allegro form

Opera seria

serious or tragic Italian opera

Opera buffa

Italy

Opera comique

France

Singspiel

Germany

Ballad opera

England

Buffo

character who spoke to the audience with a wink and a nod

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: "The Catalog Aria" from Don Giovanni,

Dan Giovanni recounts the story of Dan juan, an amoral womanizer who seducted and abandoned women across Europe. In the end, he is doomed to hell by the ghost of a man whom he has murdered

Mass

musical setting of the Roman Catholic Church

Requiem Mass

Mass for the dead

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Dies irae (Day of Wrath), from Requiem

made by Mozart

-constructed from sketches of work completed by his pupil Franz Xavier Sussmayr

-Mozart did complete the Dies Irae before his death

-Text is a rhymed Latin poem depicting a vision of Judgment Day

Which song did Haydn make that has a calm, refined sound that only uses 4 string instruments

String Quartet, Op. 76, No. 3, (Emperor) II

which song did Haydn make that has a band of instruments, uses drums, and has a cheerful sound

Symphony No. 100, Military

which song did Mozart make that has a group of strings and is very well known

Eine kleine Nachtmusik I

which song did Haydn make that has the trumpet solo, in which they mimic the strings

Trumpet Concerto

which song did Beethoven make that is slow, calm, well known and only uses the piano

Moonlight Sonata, I

which song did Beethoven make that is fast, use a lot of instrument and is known for its drama vibe

Symphony No. 5 in C Minor

which song did Mozart make that has only one singing voice

Madamina from Don Giovanni

which song did mozart make that has many singing voices

Dies Irae from Requiem