HOTUS 1 - CLEP - Jackson

Election of 1824: Electorate Developments

Most states had eliminated the property qualifications for voting by this election, and the most members of the electoral college were elected by the people, not by state legislatures.

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Adams, Crawford, and Clay were tied to become president. Henry Clay threw his support to John Adams, who promoted Clay to Secretary of State.

Who anonymously published, "South Carolina Exposition and Protest"

John C. Calhoun

What did, "South Carolina Exposition and Protest" state?

Outlined Calhoun's theory of "concurrent majority" where a federal law could be declared null and void within a state by a convention of the people. A minority could ignore a law enacted by the majority.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

A protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States designed to protect industry in the northern United States. Vehemently attacked by the South.

Election of 1828

Dirty campaign between Andrew Jackson (Democratic Republicans) and John Quincy Adams (National Republicans). Jackson was popular with the common man and won the election.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Worchester v. Georgia

The Supreme Court supported the claim of the Cherokee Nation over the boundary claim of Georgia. Jackson refused to enforce the court order.

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

Debate dealing with Federal Land Policy. Westerners wanted cheap land, but North easterners opposed because it would draw away labor supply. Became a battle of nullification

Nullification Crisis

Split between Andrew Jackson and vice president Calhoun over the Tariff of 1832 and the disrespect of Peggy Eaton by Calhoun's wife.

Nullification Crisis: Calhoun

Calhoun resigned as vice president and went home to South Carolina and proposed the Ordinance of Nullification to stop the collection of importation duties for the Tariff of 1832.

Nullification Crisis: Response to Calhoun

Andrew Jackson obtained a Force Bill (1833) which empowered him to use federal troops to enforce the collection of the Tariff duties. Crisis was avoided by lowering the duties.

War on the Bank

Jackson saw his victory in the election of 1832 as a mandate to destroy the Bank of the United States run by Nicholas Biddle.

Panic of 1837 Causes:

The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis that resulted from a combination of factors:

1. Biddle's tightening of credit,

2. Poor Wheat Harvests

3. Implementation of the Specie Circular

Panic of 1837: Jackson's Contribution

Jackson offered public land for sale through credit, but led to out of control inflation. He issued the Specie Circular which required payment for public land in hard money. Depression followed and lasted until the 1840s.

Whig Party

Emerged from the ruins of the National Republicans (John Quincy Adams) to oppose Jackson.

Election of 1836

Jackson picked Martin Van Buren aka Old Kinderhook (O.K.) to succeed him.

Election of 1840: Whigs

Whigs nominated William Henry Harrision "Old Tippecanoe" and stressed the depression and opulent lifestyle of Van Buren vs the "log cabin" origins of their candidate. Whigs Won.

"Age of Jackson"

-Beginning of 2-party system

-Popular politics based on emotional appeal (egalitarianism)

-Large involvement of the common man

Democrat Philosophy and Support

Opposed big government, urbanization, and industrialization. Supported by the working classes, merchants, and small farmers.

Whig Philosophy and Support

Promoted government participation in commercial and industrial development, and cautious approach to westward expansion. Supported by Northern business, Southern Planters and manufacturing interests.

Who wrote, "Democracy in America" in 1835

Alexis de Tocqueville, which reflected his observations of the American way of life.

Antebellum Culture (1812-1861)

American society in 1840 characterized by transition and instability with responses being two fold - a movement toward reform and a rising desire for order and control

Writer of "Nature" and "Self-Reliance"

Ralph Waldo Emerson (Transcendentalist)

Rise of Utopians

Mormons, Oneida, New Harmony, and Amana.

First state supported school for women (1839)

Troy Female Seminary in New York

Public schools in 1830s

Spotty availability of public schools, mostly in the northeast United States.

The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) document

Created "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" and was the beginning to the modern feminist movement

"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" advocated for what?

Woman's rights.

Most influential book for the abolitionist movement

Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

"Cult of Domesticity"

Reflected a shift in family responsibilities, where the burden of child-rearing fell more on the mother.

Population Rise (1815 to 1837)

The overall rise in population during the years 1815 to 1837 was due to the incoming of foreigners than to natural increase. Germans usually fared best since they brought more money and more skills.

"Jim Crow" Laws Results

Separated the races. Black institutions were created (churches, masonic lodges etc.)

Value of Industrial Output (1850)

By 1850, the value of industrial output had surpassed that of agricultural production. Over one/half of the manufacturing establishments were located in New England.

Invention that was put to 500 different uses

Charles Goodyear's process of vulcanizing rubber

Rise of Unions 1835

In 1835, Boston construction craftsmen struck for seven months to win a 10-hour day.

What did McCormick's Mechanical Reaper result in?

McCormick's Mechanical Reaper patented in 1834 and increased the potential profits of farming. It revolutionized agriculture.

States where tobacco retained its importance

Atlantic states

Value of cotton exports

By 1860, cotton accounted for 2/3rds of the value of U.S. exports.

Richest class of southerners

Planter Class those who owned 50+ slaves

Largest group of whites in the South

Yeoman Farmers

Common ailments in the South

Rickets and Pellagra due to vitamin deficiencies

"Gag Rule" (1836-1844)

Forbid the House from discussing slavery from (1836-1844)

Preemption Act (1841)

Allowing settlers who had squatted on unsurveyed federal lands first chance to buy the land up to 160 acres at low prices.

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty Items

Treaty negotiated by Daniel Webster with Great Britain on a number of issues including:

• Canada Maine Boundary

• Caroline Affair

• Creole Incident

• British stopping of slave smuggling

Election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas (1845) and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Walker Tariff (1846)

Revenue Only tariff favored by Polk

Oregon Treaty (1846)

Settled to boarder of the United States and gave the Oregon territory to the U.S.

Mormon Republic of Desert founding

Founded by Brigham Young in Utah which supported polygamy. Later annexed by the U.S.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo (1848)

Ended the Mexican-American War. U.S. had to pay $15 million.

"Civil Disobedience"

Written by Henry David Thoreau who deliberately did not pay his taxes in protest to the Mexican-American War.

Ordinance of Nullification Document

Document produced by Calhoun during the nullification crisis to prevent to enforcement of Tariff duties (1832)

American Exceptionalism (idea)

The belief that the United States has a unique mission to spread democracy and freedom, viewing itself as distinct from other nations.

Election of 1824: Electorate Developments

Most states had eliminated the property qualifications for voting by this election, and the most members of the electoral college were elected by the people, not by state legislatures.

Reform Movements Timeline (4)

1. Mormons (1820s)

2. Temperance Movement - (1826)[2nd Great Awakening]

3. Abolitionism [American Anti-Slavery Society] (1833)

4. Seneca Falls Convention (1848)