AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FINAL REVIEW

Motives for European Exploration

Desire to spread Christianity
Water route to Asia
Trade
Hunt for gold and silver
Land for agriculture (plantations)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Goods of the Columbian Exchange

-Food: sugar plants (Columbus), rice and bananas (Spaniards), wheat (Spain & Portuguese), grapes, and olives
-Animals: horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, and sheep
-Disease: Millions of Native Americans died from European diseases, weren't immune/didn't have resistance to them

Enslaved Africans

Forced onto ships and brought to America to work

• didn't know land
• immune to diseases
• low cost labor

Central and South American cultures

Aztec (MesoAmerica)-Tenochtitlan, Human Sacrifice, written language, irrigation, tributary system
Maya-
Inca(Andex Mountain)- Large road system, fertile mountain valleys, irrigation, provinces, m'ita system

• All Cultivate maize

Southwest

Pueblo(New Mexico and Arizona)
Masonry homes
Sedentary
Admin offices and division of labor

Great Plains and Great Basin

Hunter + Gatherer
Ute people
Hard to build arch(few trees)

Pacific Northwest

Fishing villages and elk
Chinook- Used cedar trees to build homes
Chimas- hunter gatherers in perm. settlements

Mississippi River Valley

Cahokia and Hopewell
Fertile soil
Sedentary
Trade extensively

Northeast

Iroquois
Lived in Long Houses
Squash and beans

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Developing Nation States

Small Kingdoms in Europe uniting into bigger ones Ex. Spain (Castile and Aragon)
Multiethnic empires were falling apart

Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas

An imaginary line that divided the world between the Spanish and Portuguese.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Christopher Columbus

Columbus' OG purpose was to find a sea route to Asia
Got backed by Ferd. + Isabel. In 1492- 3 ships, Canary Islands → Bahamas, find nothing good besides land
Criticized for being bad

Effects of Columbian Exchange

-death of indians
-european economy boost (Feudalism --> Capitalism)
-new products
-built american culture
-need for slavery

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Hernan Cortez

Conquered the Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas

Encomienda System

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

Asiento System

System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.

Slaves in the Americas/ Middle Passage

Spain begins to trade with places in africa that can supply slaves
Middle Passage 10-15% die on voyages through atlantic ocean

Slave revolts in the Americas

Africans fight back by running away, sabotaging work and revolting + maintain OG culture

Native Americans v.s. Europeans

Natives: Believe in many deities
Women had decision making positions
Rely on tradition to make decisions about land use
Euros: One God, little role in public life, use legal documents for decisions about land use

Spanish Policy

Bartolome de las casas= Indians equal and human----New Laws of 1542 (end encomienda, end indian slavery)
Valladolid debate- Las Casas v.s. Juan Gines de Sepulveda(Indians less than human, should have encomienda)

English Policy

Didn't encounter large amts of indians
Coexist, trade and share ideas (farm corn, how to hunt, trade fur)
Later lead to conflict and warfare, English saw indians as savages and had no respect for their culture
Expel indians not subjugate

French Policy

Saw as potential econ+ military ally
Maintain good relations, build trading posts along rivers/lakes- Mississippi River + Great Lakes
Assist Huron people against Iroquois

Survival Strategies of Natives

Ally with Euro power (Ex. Groups surrounding Aztecs +Spain)
Migrate West (Lead to conflict of ppl there- rep tribe loyalty)
Rarely create unified response against Europeans

African impact in Americas

How to grow rice
Rhythm
Banjo
Slavery became exclusively for Africans→ seen as biologically inferior + cite bible passages (to justify )

Spanish Colonies

Develop in North America (lack of mineral resources and spread catholicism)
Inhabited by men

• St Augustine
• New MX and AZ
• Texas
  -California

Juan Ponce de Leon (1513)

Establish St.Augustine in Florida (oldest city founded by Euros in U.S.)

Creation of Texas

Communities grew b/c Spain wanted to stop French exploration of lower Mississippi River

French Colonies

Mainly men, Christian missionaries
Go for economic (fur trade)
Allow intermarriage

French trading rivers

Quebec, Louisiana, New Orleans

Dutch Colonies

Sponsor Henry Hudson for W passage to Asia, end up in New York, enter through Hudson River
Small numbers, didn't intermarry

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. Controlled by Dutch West India Company (for econ)

British colonies

John Cabot explored where they want to colonize
Colonization financed by joint stock companies
Include single women, families, more interested in farming

Why did the British colonize America?

• Pop. was growing in Britain, but econ was not = poor and landless move to U.S.
  -Better lives
  -Religious freedom

Corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies (Jamestown)

Royal Colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors (Virginia)

Proprietary colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval. (Maryland)

Founding of Jamestown

Chartered by Virginia Company
Develop variety of tobacco (profitable in Euro)
Headright used to encourage people to move
First royal colony (when James I revoked charter and took direct control)

Issues in Jamestown

• Contaminated water/ bad environment (not long growing season)
• men refusing to farm or build appropriate shelter because they were too busy looking for gold
• At first the natives helped the settlers and gave them food, later they destroyed their farms and tried to starve the settlers to death.

Plymouth

-Pilgrims want separate independent church, go to Holland, leave Holland for Virginia on Mayflower.
-Fish, fur and lumber for econ

Massachusetts Bay

-Puritans want Church of England to be reformed
-Gain charter from Massachusetts Bay company
-John Winthrop sail to Massachusetts and found Boston (Initiate Great Migration)
-Create small towns and family farms

Maryland

-Split off of Virginia (George Calvert gets control)

• First proprietary colony
  -Wealthy catholics emigrate and establish plantations (outnumber by protestant farmers)

Act of Toleration (1649)

Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.

Protestant Revolt

Protestants in Maryland were mad at catholics
Ignite civil war
Win and repeal act of toleration
Catholics lose right to vote
Econ and society was similar to Virginia ( but less toleration for Protestants)

Rhode Island

Roger Williams has conflict with other puritans = flees to Narragansett bay and found Providence
Start baptist church
Williams grants charter to join providence and portsmouth into Rhode Island
Refuge for many

Anne Hutchinson

Believe in antinomianism (receive salvation through faith)
Founded Portsmouth

Connecticut

Thomas Hooker led group of Boston Puritans and founded Hartford
Drew up first constitution
John Davenport creates settlement named New Haven
Hartford + New Haven form Connecticut (limited self-government)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in America

New Hampshire

Last to be found
Used to increase Royal control over colonies
Separated from Massachusetts Bay

Halfway Covenant

In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31)

The Restoration

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government

North Carolina

Part of land gifted to nobles from Charles II
Few good harbors, poor transport, developed a few plantations (little reliance on slavery), tobacco farms, rep for democratic views and autonomy

South Carolina

Part of land gifted to nobles from Charles II
Colonists from barbados found Charleston, econ based on fur trade and utilize rice plantations worked by Africans

New York

Charles II want holdings on coast to close gap b/t New England and Chesapeake colony
King grants Duke of York lands b/t Connecticut and Delaware
Treat dutch settlers well, new taxes, no representative assembly

New Jersey

New York split, land b/t Hudson River and Delaware Bay given to John Berkeley and George Carteret, both made generous land offers and allowed religious freedom
Sold interests to Quakers
Combine 2 jerseys into New Jersey

Quakers

Radical, religious authority was found within each person and not in the bible, gender equality, reject violence and resist military service
Persecuted and jailed in U.S.

Pennsylvania

William Penn given land for military
Dies and land goes to Quaker son
Pennsylvania is refuge for Quakers
Frame of Gov't (rep assembly)
Grid road system
Attempt kindness to Natives

Charter of Liberties

In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34)

Georgia

(Only colony w/ direct financial support from government)
Defensive buffer to protect Carolinas
Place to send prisoners
James Oglethorpe given royal charter for a proprietary colony, strict bans on rum and slavery
Colony didn't prosper (later became royal colony)

Delaware

Area of Pennsylvania cut off and granted their own assembly, Delaware becomes colony (with same governor)

Representative Assembly in Virginia

The Virginia Company guaranteed settlers same rights as English residents and representation in lawmaking
Organized first representative assembly- House of Burgesses

Representative Government in New England

On Mayflower pilgrims decide to make decisions by will of majority, Mayflower Compact
Held town meetings, elect colonial legislature and debate local decisions (Only male members of puritan church )

Limits to Colonial Democracy

Most colonists were excluded from town meetings/political processes.
Colonial powers ruled with unlimited powers
Cause development of democratic ideas that coexisted with anti-democratic practices like slavery and mistreatment of indians.

Triangular Trade

New England → West Africa (Rum for Slaves), West Africa →(Through Middle Passage) → West Indies (Slaves for Sugarcane), West Indies → New England (With stops in Spain or England)

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Navigation Acts

Colonial impact of Navigation Acts

Trade to and from the colonies could only be done by English ppl or ships
All goods(-some perishables) had to go through an English port
Specified goods could be exported to England only (Ex. tobacco)

The Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Bacon's Rebellion

Led by impoverished farmer
Chesapeake area
Army of volunteers
Raids and massacres against American INdians
Defeat governor's forces and burn Jamestown

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

Period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England (1675-1676); an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.

Slavery in the Americas

First Africans arrive on Dutch ships
Virginia House of Burgesses enact bondage laws
Mostly in Southern colonies (most in West Indian sugar islands 95%)
Dependable work force, low cost

Indentured Servants in the Americas

Master or landowner paid for passage
Work 4-7 years - freed and could work for wages
Get room and Board
Only temporary labor

Early resistance to slavery in the Americas

Preserved elements of culture, griots, songs, and elements of African religion
Hunger strikes, break tools, refuse to work and fleeing

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Enlightenment thinkers

John Locke- natural rights
Thomas Hobbes
Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Anglicanization

process whereby everyone had to accept English social, political, and institutional patterns of life during the 18th century

What were the New England colonies?

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire

What were the Middle Colonies?

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

What were the Southern Colonies?

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

First three wars prior to French Indian War

King William's War- british frontier settlements burned
Queen Anne's War- More success for Brit, get Nova Scotia
King George's War- capture Louisbourg

Ohio Valley

Inland river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.

Reorganization of the British Empire

-shift in colonial policies.
-Salutary neglect abandoned to mercantilism
-wars extremely costly.
-Britain felt they needed their troops on American frontiers.
-pay for troops to guard the frontier without increasing taxes at home wanted colonies to pay more.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Proclamation of 1763

law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

George Greenville

Prime Minister of England, began enforcing 1763 Navigation Acts strictly and instituted other taxes the colonists found unbearable

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.