Cell Structure & Transportation

Cell/Cell Theory

Cell/Cell Theory

A unit of life made of organelles. Cell Theory: 1. All living things are made of cells; 2. all cells come from other cells; 3. structure & function of living things.

Unicellular

An organism with only one cell. (Bacteria, Protists)

Multicellular

An organism with many cells. (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists)

Prokaryote

Cell that has no nucleus.

Eukaryote

Cell that has a nucleus.

Light Microscope

A microscope that uses visible light to refract items and enlarge them.

Electron Microscope

A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to illuminate and magnify images.

Nucleus

The "brain" of the cell. Controls the cell by governing protein synthesis. Made of chromatin, nuclear envelope, and nucleus. Has a double membrane.

Mitochondria

The "powerhouse" of the cell. Produces energy for the cell via cellular respiration.

Cell Membrane

Semi-permeable membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Cytoplasm

Liquid in the cell that holds the organelles and helps transport them.

Lysosome

Breaks apart cellular waste to exit the cell.

Vacuole

Holds materials within the cell and helps during endo and exocytosis

Ribosome

Produces proteins. Can be attached to Rough ER or stands alone.

Cytoskeleton

Helps the cell hold it's shape and structure.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Makes secretory proteins and has ribosomes attached.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Flat tubes and sacs that store calcium ions and processes harmful substances.

Golgi Apparatus

Flat sacs that deal with ER products and further processes proteins from lysosomes.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Two hydrophobic fatty acid chains and a hydrophilic phosphate head.

Semi-permeable

Allows certain materials to end and leave the cell.

Hydrophilic

Bonds with water

Hydrophobic

Does not bond with water

Channel Transport Protein

Transport protein that provides a tube-like opening in the cell membrane through which particles can diffuse.

Active Transport Protein

Actively pumps solutes through the membrane.

Receptor Protein

Recognizes signals and creates bonds to start a function of a molecule.

Junction Protein (tight junction, anchoring junction, vs. gap protein)

Cells that join other cells together to form tissues. Tight junction prevents fluid from moving, anchoring junctions fasten cells into strong sheets, and gap junctions allow small molecules to flow through protein lined pores in cells.

Glycoprotein

Serve as ID tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells.

Passive Transport

Diffusion across a membrane with no energy needed. (No ATP).

Diffusion

Particles spreading out into an available space (areas of high concentration to low concentration).

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. (high concentration to low concentration).

Aquaporin

A protein in the cell membrane that allows water to pass through.

Facilitated Diffusion

A type of passive transport involving specific transport proteins that help.

Isotonic

Same amount of solute.

Hypertonic

More solute.

Hypotonic

Less solute. Hypotonic materials move towards hypertonic materials.

Active Transport

Movement of particles across a selectively permeable membrane with the use of cellular energy (ATP).

Protein Pump

Move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. (against the concentration gradient). Requires ATP. Molecule moves into the protein pump on one side of the membrane. Binding of ATP causes a change in the shape of the protein. Molecule moves across the membrane Examples: Sodium-potassium pump & proton pumps

Endocytosis

Movement of large particles INTO the cell Pocket forms in the cell membrane forming a vacuole around the particle. Does require the use of ATP.

Exocytosis

Movement of large particles OUT OF the cell Vesicle / vacuole membranes merge with the cell membrane and the contents are secreted OUT OF the cell. Does require use of ATP.