GRST 209- Final Exam

what were Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey used as touchstones for?

considering how greek men should act in political groups and on the battlefield

Why did Heroclotus refer to the Iliad in the opening of his histories?

to explain the war between the persians and greeks

Where did Heroes and Heroines said to live during the Trojan war?

in towns in Greece where they had cult shrines and where Homer’s epics were often recited

What are cult shrines and tales of occupancy evidence of during the trojan war?

evidence that Homer’s epic referred to people who had once lived

What was the origin of the Trojan war?

judgment of paris

What did the judgment of Paris express before the Trojan War?

fickleness of gods, vanity of females, dangers of divine patronage, and violation of hospitality but is not far removed from plausible cause of war

What does Menelaus consider Helen’s departure with Paris as?

violation of hospitality

What leads to Helen’s departure to Troy?

Paris must give apple with “the fairest” to Aphrodite, hera, or athena and he gives it to aphrodite who promises him helen

What do Agamemnon and Menelaus do after Helen departs with Paris to Troy?

set off to punish Paris and the eTrojans, retrieve Helen

Who did paris give the apple to?

Aphrodite

What makes Homer’s epic a shared heritage defining cultural values for ancient audiences?

plausibility and epics being populated by gods and goddesses who were worshipped

what did plausibility and epics being populated by gods and goddesses who were worshipped make Homer’s epic?

a shared heritage defining cultural values for ancient audiences?

Where was the Historical Troy explore?

archaeological evidence from site of Hisarlik

What was archaeological evidence from the site of Hisarlik identified as?

Homer’s troy in treaties and poetry found among Hittites and Luwians who lived near troy

What is meant by “homeric society”?

world created in Homer’s poetry, society is mostly fictional and a bit historical

How were Homer’s epic composed? In what form?

orally composed with some historical references but no correspondence

What were Homer’s characters considered as?

poetic constructions not portraits of men and women

What is shown in this image?

paris sits between hera and athena

What did James Redfield explore

key characteristics and behaviours of heroes in Homeric Society

What was known among Heroes as aristoi?

leading men are warriors because they fight to defend their communities when needed and know they must die at the hands of other men who have also accepted this burden

What is meant by aristoi?

excellent ones

What is a hero’s aristeia?

moment of excellence on battlefield achieved by successful use of force against his enemies

How are heroes rewarded as a result of their aristeia?

by remembering him and his aristeia in song or cult so that his death ensure immortality

What is meant by a heroes Kleos?

reputation, fame, given to heroes by others mostly associated with their death to secure immortality

What is meant by a heroes Timé?

honor and status, valuation of him whereas kelos is a description of him

What is meant by a heroes Geras?

prize, typically woman, external and visible testimony to timé

what does a heroes Gera determine?

their timé

Who are Agamemnon and Menelaus’s parents?

aterus and aerope

Who are the offspring of Agamemnon?

orestes, electra, Iphigenoa, Laodike, Chrysothemis

Where are the cult shrines dedicated to Agamemnon located?

Mycenae, throughout Peloponnesse

What were Agamemnon and Menelaus often called?

Atreidae because they are the sons of Atreus

What does Homer not represent Agamemnon and Menelaus as?

as competent, they make decisions that would harm Greek war effort and acts cause unnecessary deaths of many Greek

What is the aristeia of Agamemnon and Menelaus shown in?

poem and worshipped in shrines, fame ensured immortality

Why were Agamemnon and Menelaus considered Kings?

rule over other men with Zeus’s protection and consent, establish hierarchy that other Greek leaders and warriors observe

What did Tantalus often set out to do ?

trick the gods and goddesses by killing, cooking, and serving Pelops to them as a meal, immortals knew and refused the feast

Who did not refuse the feast provided by Tantalus as a trick?

Demeter

Who was Pelops to Agamemnon?

son

What was Tantalus punishment for his tricks?

condemned to spend eternity in Underworld in water with fruit overhead

What term did Tantalus’s punishment create?

tantalize, to tease someone with something they cant have

Who were the sons of Pelops?

Atreus and Thyestes

What do Atreus and Thyestes fight over?

kingship of Mycenae

What occurs due to the fight for kingship of Mycenae between Atreus and Thyestes?

gruesome feast, whoever has a golden land from flock would be king, Atreus’s wife, aerope has an affair with Thyestes and gives him the golden lamb

How does Atreus and Thyestes’s fight for kingship display cannibalism and vengeance?

out of revenge Atreus kills, cooks, and serves Thyestes’s 2 sons to him and Thyestes eats them and is exiled

What occurs after Thyestes is exiled?

atreus secures kingship which later Agamemnon rules and Menelaus ruled sparta

How does Paris diminish Menelaus’s timé and kleos?

by taking Helen

What does Paris taking Helen compel Menelaus to do?

respond by gathering troops to sail to troy

How were the troops sent by Menelaus created?

leaders have sworn loyalty and Menelaus and Agamemnon and recognize that they’re leaders of the expedition except Achilles

Why was Achilles never considered a leader for Agamemnon and Menelaus’s troops?

because he challenges Agamemnon’s authority

What did Agamemnon cause in the beginning of the Iliad?

sets off a series of catastrophic events due to Achilles challenging his status

What was Agamemnon’s false dream?

promises he and Greeks will take troy the day he supported Achilles’s assertion that has neither skills nor character to merit the respect owed kings

Who sent Agamemnon his false dream?

Zeus

What does Agamemnon advise his generals after the false dream?

advises not to fight, attempts to rouse Greeks with reverse psychology and tells them to sail home, they would’ve set sail if Odysses didn’t shame them and cajole them

What occurs in Agamemnon’s aristeia in Book 11 of the Iliead?

marshalled troops and puts on armor, armor shines and reaches the heavens, hera, and athena, thunder in recognition of his fierce and shiny appearance, cuts down trojans and is known as savage and unrelenting

Where is Agamemnon’s aristeia told?

book 11 in Iliad

What did Homer compare Agememnon cutting down trojans too?

a reaper cutting wheat

What is the story of Agamemnon and Chryseis?

took her as a war prize, her father supplicates Agamemnon and begs for her return, he refuses and apollo unleashes plag killing Greek soldiers. Achilles supports her return and Agamemnon returns her

What does Agamemnon do as revenge for Achilles supporting Chryseis’s return?

takes Achilles’s war prize, Briseis

Why did Agamemnon take Briseis?

because of Achilles and he withdraws from battle

what does Achilles do after Agamemnon takes Briseis?

withdraws from battle

What is shown in the image?

Chryses kneels before Agamemnon

How does the manual on “ how to become a hero” portray Diomedes as?

a young soldier

What occurs in the manual on “ how to become a hero” portray Diomedes as?

Diomedes initiated into Homeric world of soldiering and learns which martial behaviours are to be avoided or are necessary

Why does Agamemnon challenge Diomedes?

because of his fathers attack of Thebes and escape after

What occurs when Agamemnon challenges Diomedes?

tells diomedes to live up to his fathers reputation, Diomedes enters and is joined by Athena who allows him to see immortals on battlefield, he also wounds Aphrodite and Ares with her help

What was believed about scholars in Book 10 of the Iliad?

scholars believe it doesn’t belong there, describes strange and dreamlike night time raid

Who goes on a night raid with Odysseus?

Agamemnon and Menelaus

what occurred during Agamemnon and Menelaus’s night raid with Odysseus?

try and find a Trojan scout to gather information on Trojan strategy, Diomedes and Odysseus dress like them to do so

Who was Dolon and was he related to the Night raid with Odysseus?

Diomedes and Odysseus wit animal masks ambush Trojan Dolon, gain information and behead him then look for King Rhesus who has white horses

What occurs after Odysseus, Agamemnon, and Menelaus find King Rhesus?

diomedes kills rhesus and other Thracian allies while they sleep, Odysseus moves bodies to make a path for stealing horses, they are praised for stealing them

What is shown in this image?

Diomedes Kills Rhesus

What is shown in this image?

Thracians

Who is Achilles?

young soldier that learns appropriate behaviour of a homeric hero

Who is Achilles’s mother?

Thetis

What is the story behind Achilles’s birth?

Thetis is supposed to have a son who is greater than Zeus so he makes her marry a mortal and she tries to burn off all Achilles mortal parts

Who was Thetis forced to marry?

Peleus

How Thetis try to burn of all of Achilles’s mortal parts?

held him by the heals over fire or boiling cauldron, “Achilles heal” = weakness

Is Achilles’s death and birth shown in the Iliad?

no

What are the two narratives of Achilles’s death?

killed by Apollo or Paris who shot him in the heel

What are Achilles’s two immortal traits?

knowledge and anger

What are Achilles’s two fates?

1. he returns home and lives a long life

2. fight at troy earning great glory but die young

What caused Anger to be the first word of the Iliad for Achilles?

provoked by AGamemnon when he takes Briseis and demands more war prizes and questions honor (timé) and fame (kleos)

What does Achilles maintain throughout the Iliad?

anger (menis) usually attributed to gods

What does Achilles’s anger become?

a force barely within his control and sets him apart from others

What does Achilles do after Agamemnon take Briseis?

withdraws and 2/3 of time spend in a tent with lyre and mom, refuses Agamemnon’s apology and gifts, rest of time spent reflecting on time and kleos demanding his death

What does Patroclus do while Achilles is gone?

comes in with Achilles’s armor trying to scare them, hector kills him, Achilles reconciles with Agamemnon

What occurs in Achilles’s Aristeia?

wears armor made by Hephaestus, massive shield extends across two books, attacks Trojans near banks of Scamander, throws bodies into river, god of river gets mad and raises waves chasing Achilles

How does Hephaestus help Achilles while he is chased by waves?

send fire, all fight and Achilles finds Hector and kills him

What does Achilles do with Hectors body?

keeps it and attempts to defile it, refusing to return it

What does King Priam do following Achilles refusal of return hector?

supplicates him, Achilles remembers his own mortal father and generations, returns him, is mourned by his father who he will never see again

What is shown in this image?

Achilles mourns Patroclus

What is shown in this image?

Achilles and his mother Thetis

What is shown in this image?

Priam supplicates Achilles

Who are the two most prominent Trojan princes in the Iliad?

Hector and Priam

What was at stake during the Trojan war?

honor and men, women, and, children risk obliteration

Is the destruction of Troy in the Iliad?

no

What occurs in Paris’s aristeia?

retreats in fear when Menelaus tries to fight him, Hector rebukes him, chosen to go combat, chance to restore honor, puts on bronze greaves and silver ties, doesn’t attract immortals except Aphrodite

What occurs after Paris attracts Aphrodite?

Menelaus drags him and Aphrodite releases him and takes him to bed with Helen, they cradle him to sleep

Why was Hector seen as a Heroic ideal?

he looks back at his city and Greek troops ahead, he runs around the city until Athena stop him

How does Hector die?

He approaches Achilles to fight and imagine he might save him, Achilles kills him

What does Hectors death singla?

Troy will fall and war will end