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what were Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey used as touchstones for?
considering how greek men should act in political groups and on the battlefield
Why did Heroclotus refer to the Iliad in the opening of his histories?
to explain the war between the persians and greeks
Where did Heroes and Heroines said to live during the Trojan war?
in towns in Greece where they had cult shrines and where Homer’s epics were often recited
What are cult shrines and tales of occupancy evidence of during the trojan war?
evidence that Homer’s epic referred to people who had once lived
What was the origin of the Trojan war?
judgment of paris
What did the judgment of Paris express before the Trojan War?
fickleness of gods, vanity of females, dangers of divine patronage, and violation of hospitality but is not far removed from plausible cause of war
What does Menelaus consider Helen’s departure with Paris as?
violation of hospitality
What leads to Helen’s departure to Troy?
Paris must give apple with “the fairest” to Aphrodite, hera, or athena and he gives it to aphrodite who promises him helen
What do Agamemnon and Menelaus do after Helen departs with Paris to Troy?
set off to punish Paris and the eTrojans, retrieve Helen
Who did paris give the apple to?
Aphrodite
What makes Homer’s epic a shared heritage defining cultural values for ancient audiences?
plausibility and epics being populated by gods and goddesses who were worshipped
what did plausibility and epics being populated by gods and goddesses who were worshipped make Homer’s epic?
a shared heritage defining cultural values for ancient audiences?
Where was the Historical Troy explore?
archaeological evidence from site of Hisarlik
What was archaeological evidence from the site of Hisarlik identified as?
Homer’s troy in treaties and poetry found among Hittites and Luwians who lived near troy
What is meant by “homeric society”?
world created in Homer’s poetry, society is mostly fictional and a bit historical
How were Homer’s epic composed? In what form?
orally composed with some historical references but no correspondence
What were Homer’s characters considered as?
poetic constructions not portraits of men and women
What is shown in this image?
paris sits between hera and athena
What did James Redfield explore
key characteristics and behaviours of heroes in Homeric Society
What was known among Heroes as aristoi?
leading men are warriors because they fight to defend their communities when needed and know they must die at the hands of other men who have also accepted this burden
What is meant by aristoi?
excellent ones
What is a hero’s aristeia?
moment of excellence on battlefield achieved by successful use of force against his enemies
How are heroes rewarded as a result of their aristeia?
by remembering him and his aristeia in song or cult so that his death ensure immortality
What is meant by a heroes Kleos?
reputation, fame, given to heroes by others mostly associated with their death to secure immortality
What is meant by a heroes Timé?
honor and status, valuation of him whereas kelos is a description of him
What is meant by a heroes Geras?
prize, typically woman, external and visible testimony to timé
what does a heroes Gera determine?
their timé
Who are Agamemnon and Menelaus’s parents?
aterus and aerope
Who are the offspring of Agamemnon?
orestes, electra, Iphigenoa, Laodike, Chrysothemis
Where are the cult shrines dedicated to Agamemnon located?
Mycenae, throughout Peloponnesse
What were Agamemnon and Menelaus often called?
Atreidae because they are the sons of Atreus
What does Homer not represent Agamemnon and Menelaus as?
as competent, they make decisions that would harm Greek war effort and acts cause unnecessary deaths of many Greek
What is the aristeia of Agamemnon and Menelaus shown in?
poem and worshipped in shrines, fame ensured immortality
Why were Agamemnon and Menelaus considered Kings?
rule over other men with Zeus’s protection and consent, establish hierarchy that other Greek leaders and warriors observe
What did Tantalus often set out to do ?
trick the gods and goddesses by killing, cooking, and serving Pelops to them as a meal, immortals knew and refused the feast
Who did not refuse the feast provided by Tantalus as a trick?
Demeter
Who was Pelops to Agamemnon?
son
What was Tantalus punishment for his tricks?
condemned to spend eternity in Underworld in water with fruit overhead
What term did Tantalus’s punishment create?
tantalize, to tease someone with something they cant have
Who were the sons of Pelops?
Atreus and Thyestes
What do Atreus and Thyestes fight over?
kingship of Mycenae
What occurs due to the fight for kingship of Mycenae between Atreus and Thyestes?
gruesome feast, whoever has a golden land from flock would be king, Atreus’s wife, aerope has an affair with Thyestes and gives him the golden lamb
How does Atreus and Thyestes’s fight for kingship display cannibalism and vengeance?
out of revenge Atreus kills, cooks, and serves Thyestes’s 2 sons to him and Thyestes eats them and is exiled
What occurs after Thyestes is exiled?
atreus secures kingship which later Agamemnon rules and Menelaus ruled sparta
How does Paris diminish Menelaus’s timé and kleos?
by taking Helen
What does Paris taking Helen compel Menelaus to do?
respond by gathering troops to sail to troy
How were the troops sent by Menelaus created?
leaders have sworn loyalty and Menelaus and Agamemnon and recognize that they’re leaders of the expedition except Achilles
Why was Achilles never considered a leader for Agamemnon and Menelaus’s troops?
because he challenges Agamemnon’s authority
What did Agamemnon cause in the beginning of the Iliad?
sets off a series of catastrophic events due to Achilles challenging his status
What was Agamemnon’s false dream?
promises he and Greeks will take troy the day he supported Achilles’s assertion that has neither skills nor character to merit the respect owed kings
Who sent Agamemnon his false dream?
Zeus
What does Agamemnon advise his generals after the false dream?
advises not to fight, attempts to rouse Greeks with reverse psychology and tells them to sail home, they would’ve set sail if Odysses didn’t shame them and cajole them
What occurs in Agamemnon’s aristeia in Book 11 of the Iliead?
marshalled troops and puts on armor, armor shines and reaches the heavens, hera, and athena, thunder in recognition of his fierce and shiny appearance, cuts down trojans and is known as savage and unrelenting
Where is Agamemnon’s aristeia told?
book 11 in Iliad
What did Homer compare Agememnon cutting down trojans too?
a reaper cutting wheat
What is the story of Agamemnon and Chryseis?
took her as a war prize, her father supplicates Agamemnon and begs for her return, he refuses and apollo unleashes plag killing Greek soldiers. Achilles supports her return and Agamemnon returns her
What does Agamemnon do as revenge for Achilles supporting Chryseis’s return?
takes Achilles’s war prize, Briseis
Why did Agamemnon take Briseis?
because of Achilles and he withdraws from battle
what does Achilles do after Agamemnon takes Briseis?
withdraws from battle
What is shown in the image?
Chryses kneels before Agamemnon
How does the manual on “ how to become a hero” portray Diomedes as?
a young soldier
What occurs in the manual on “ how to become a hero” portray Diomedes as?
Diomedes initiated into Homeric world of soldiering and learns which martial behaviours are to be avoided or are necessary
Why does Agamemnon challenge Diomedes?
because of his fathers attack of Thebes and escape after
What occurs when Agamemnon challenges Diomedes?
tells diomedes to live up to his fathers reputation, Diomedes enters and is joined by Athena who allows him to see immortals on battlefield, he also wounds Aphrodite and Ares with her help
What was believed about scholars in Book 10 of the Iliad?
scholars believe it doesn’t belong there, describes strange and dreamlike night time raid
Who goes on a night raid with Odysseus?
Agamemnon and Menelaus
what occurred during Agamemnon and Menelaus’s night raid with Odysseus?
try and find a Trojan scout to gather information on Trojan strategy, Diomedes and Odysseus dress like them to do so
Who was Dolon and was he related to the Night raid with Odysseus?
Diomedes and Odysseus wit animal masks ambush Trojan Dolon, gain information and behead him then look for King Rhesus who has white horses
What occurs after Odysseus, Agamemnon, and Menelaus find King Rhesus?
diomedes kills rhesus and other Thracian allies while they sleep, Odysseus moves bodies to make a path for stealing horses, they are praised for stealing them
What is shown in this image?
Diomedes Kills Rhesus
What is shown in this image?
Thracians
Who is Achilles?
young soldier that learns appropriate behaviour of a homeric hero
Who is Achilles’s mother?
Thetis
What is the story behind Achilles’s birth?
Thetis is supposed to have a son who is greater than Zeus so he makes her marry a mortal and she tries to burn off all Achilles mortal parts
Who was Thetis forced to marry?
Peleus
How Thetis try to burn of all of Achilles’s mortal parts?
held him by the heals over fire or boiling cauldron, “Achilles heal” = weakness
Is Achilles’s death and birth shown in the Iliad?
no
What are the two narratives of Achilles’s death?
killed by Apollo or Paris who shot him in the heel
What are Achilles’s two immortal traits?
knowledge and anger
What are Achilles’s two fates?
he returns home and lives a long life
fight at troy earning great glory but die young
What caused Anger to be the first word of the Iliad for Achilles?
provoked by AGamemnon when he takes Briseis and demands more war prizes and questions honor (timé) and fame (kleos)
What does Achilles maintain throughout the Iliad?
anger (menis) usually attributed to gods
What does Achilles’s anger become?
a force barely within his control and sets him apart from others
What does Achilles do after Agamemnon take Briseis?
withdraws and 2/3 of time spend in a tent with lyre and mom, refuses Agamemnon’s apology and gifts, rest of time spent reflecting on time and kleos demanding his death
What does Patroclus do while Achilles is gone?
comes in with Achilles’s armor trying to scare them, hector kills him, Achilles reconciles with Agamemnon
What occurs in Achilles’s Aristeia?
wears armor made by Hephaestus, massive shield extends across two books, attacks Trojans near banks of Scamander, throws bodies into river, god of river gets mad and raises waves chasing Achilles
How does Hephaestus help Achilles while he is chased by waves?
send fire, all fight and Achilles finds Hector and kills him
What does Achilles do with Hectors body?
keeps it and attempts to defile it, refusing to return it
What does King Priam do following Achilles refusal of return hector?
supplicates him, Achilles remembers his own mortal father and generations, returns him, is mourned by his father who he will never see again
What is shown in this image?
Achilles mourns Patroclus
What is shown in this image?
Achilles and his mother Thetis
What is shown in this image?
Priam supplicates Achilles
Who are the two most prominent Trojan princes in the Iliad?
Hector and Priam
What was at stake during the Trojan war?
honor and men, women, and, children risk obliteration
Is the destruction of Troy in the Iliad?
no
What occurs in Paris’s aristeia?
retreats in fear when Menelaus tries to fight him, Hector rebukes him, chosen to go combat, chance to restore honor, puts on bronze greaves and silver ties, doesn’t attract immortals except Aphrodite
What occurs after Paris attracts Aphrodite?
Menelaus drags him and Aphrodite releases him and takes him to bed with Helen, they cradle him to sleep
Why was Hector seen as a Heroic ideal?
he looks back at his city and Greek troops ahead, he runs around the city until Athena stop him
How does Hector die?
He approaches Achilles to fight and imagine he might save him, Achilles kills him
What does Hectors death singla?
Troy will fall and war will end
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