M4L1: Infectious

Colonization

Colonization

- Used to describe microorganisms present without host interference or interaction.
- Thrive in the skin, scalp, inside the body, but without any immune response

Colonization

Organisms reported in microbiology test results often reflect ___ rather than infection

treatment

(Colonization)

The patient’s health care team must interpret microbiology test results accurately to ensure appropriate ___.

Staphylococcus Aureus

(Colonization)

A patient colonized with ___ ___ may have staphylococci on the skin without any skin interruption or irritation

Infection

Indicates a host interaction with an organism

inflammation

(Infection)

If the patient has an incision, S. aureus (yellow) could enter the wound, resulting in an immune system reaction of local ___ and migration of white cells to the site

white blood cells

(Infection)

If the patient has an incision, S. aureus (yellow) could enter the wound, resulting in an immune system reaction of local inflammation and migration of ___ ___ ___ to the site

- redness
- heat
- pain
- white blood cells

(Infection)

Clinical evidence of ___, ___, and ___ and laboratory evidence of ___ ___ ___ on the wound specimen smear and microbiologic organism identification

Infectious Disease

- The state in which the infected host displays a decline in wellness due to the infection
- Severity ranges from mild to life-threatening

symptom-free

(Infectious Disease)

When the host interacts immunologically with an organism but remains ___-___, the definition of infectious disease has not been met.

Microbiology Report

A tool to be used along with clinical indicators to determine if a patient is colonized, infected, or diseased.

- Smear and stain
- Culture and Organism Identification
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility

(Microbiology Report)

Give 3 parts of the microbiology report

Chain of Infection

Can start anywhere and can end anywhere

Susceptible Host

(Chain of Infection)

For infection to occur, the host must be susceptible
- Elderly
- Infants
- Immunocompromised
- ANYONE

Susceptible Host

(Chain of Infection)

Elderly

Susceptible Host

(Chain of Infection)

Infants

Susceptible Host

(Chain of Infection)

Immunocompromised

Susceptible Host

(Chain of Infection)

ANYONE

Portal of Entry

(Chain of Infection)

Needed for the organism to gain access to the host
- Mouth
- Nose
- Eyes
- Cuts in skin
- Urethra
- Vagina
- Anus

Portal of Entry

(Chain of Infection)

Mouth

Portal of Entry

(Chain of Infection)

Nose

Portal of Entry

(Chain of Infection)

Eyes

Portal of Entry

(Chain of Infection)

Cuts in the skin

Portal of Entry

(Chain of Infection)

Urethra

Portal of Entry

(Chain of Infection)

Vagina

Portal of Entry

(Chain of Infection)

Anus

Mode of Transmission

(Chain of Infection)

Serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable port of entry
- Direct contact
- Indirect contact
- Droplet infection (sneeze, talk)
- Vectors
- Fixtures (wall, bed, linens)

Mode of Transmission

(Chain of Infection)

Direct contact

Mode of Transmission

(Chain of Infection)

Indirect contact

Mode of Transmission

(Chain of Infection)

Droplet infection (sneeze, talk)

Mode of Transmission

(Chain of Infection)

Vectors

Mode of Transmission

(Chain of Infection)

Fixtures (wall, bed, linens)

Pathogen

(Chain of Infection)

Bacteria

Pathogen

(Chain of Infection)

Virus

Pathogen

(Chain of Infection)

Fungi

Pathogen

(Chain of Infection)

Parasite

Reservoir

(Chain of Infection)

To provide nourishment for microorganisms and enables further dispersal of the organism

Reservoir

(Chain of Infection)

People

Reservoir

(Chain of Infection)

Animals (Rats, monkeys)

Animals

(Chain of Infection: Reservoir)

The worst reservoir

Reservoir

(Chain of Infection)

Soil (Tetanus)

Reservoir

(Chain of Infection)

Food (Typhoid, salmonella)

Reservoir

(Chain of Infection)

Water

Portal of Exit

(Chain of Infection)

To shed organisms to another or to the environment for transmission to occur

Portal of Exit

(Chain of Infection)

Coughing/sneezing

Portal of Exit

(Chain of Infection)

Body’s secretions

Portal of Exit

(Chain of Infection)

Feces

Portal of Exit

(Chain of Infection)

Urine

(OSHA) Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(Organizations involved in Infection Control)

Inspects the workplace for potential hazards, keeping records of workplace injuries and illness, training employees to recognize safety and health hazards, and educating employees on precautious to prevent accidents

Occupational Safety and Health Standard

(Organizations involved in Infection Control: OSHA)

In the Philippines, ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ - governed by a framework of laws, regulations, and standards to ensure the protection and welfare of workers

(CDC) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & (WHO) World Health Organization

(Organizations involved in Infection Control)

Principal agencies involved in setting guidelines about infection prevention

Vaccination Programs

(Prevention of Infection in the Community)

The goal of ___ ___ is to use wide-scale efforts to prevent specific infectious diseases from occurring in a population

Planning for a pandemic

(Prevention of Infection in the Community)

Influenza pandemics are likely to be more catastrophic than other anticipated public health problems because they last longer than other emergency events, often occur in “waves,” deplete the available health care workforce and reduce the supply of medical equipment because of their widespread nature

waves

(Prevention of Infection in the Community: Planning for a pandemic)

Influenza pandemics are likely to be more catastrophic than other anticipated public health problems because they last longer than other emergency events, often occur in “___” deplete the available health care workforce and reduce the supply of medical equipment because of their widespread nature

1573 Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act

(Prevention of Infection in the Community: Planning for a pandemic)

The late senator Miriam Defensor Santiago filed Senate Bill no. ___ ___ ___ ___-___ ___ ___

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) (German Measles)

(Common Vaccines)

Transmission: Droplet, direct contact, and airborne

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine (MMR) (German Measles)

(Common Vaccines)

Fever, transient lymphadenopathy or hypersensitivity reaction might occur following an ___, ___, ___ ___ ___ (___) (___ ___)

12 to 15

(Common Vaccines: MMR Vaccine)

Should be given to children at ___ to ___ months of age, with repeat dosing at 4 to 6 years of age

4 to 6

(Common Vaccines: MMR Vaccine)

Should be given to children at 12 to 15 months of age, with repeat dosing at ___ to ___ years of age

Varicella (Chickenpox)-zoster (Shingles)

(Common Vaccines)

The virus that causes chickenpox and herpes zoster

Varicella (Chickenpox)-zoster (Shingles)

(Common Vaccines)

Transmission: Droplet, airborne, and contact routes

2

(Common Vaccines: Varicella (Chickenpox)-zoster (Shingles))

Incubation period: ___ weeks

Varicella (Chickenpox)

(Common Vaccines)

Newly infected host is already infectious during the prodormal stage, with rare exception, ___ infects a person only once

contagious

(Common Vaccines: Varicella (Chickenpox))

When all lesions crusted, the patient is no longer ___

Herpes zoster

(Common Vaccines)

Also known as shingles. A painful, localized rash caused by recurrent varicella with vesicles restricted to areas supplied by single associated nerve groups

Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine and zoster (Shingles) Vaccine

(Common Vaccines)

This vaccine should not be given to:
- Pregnant women
- Those with severely depressed immune function
- Those who have moderate or severe concurrent illnesses, allergy to the vaccine

Zostavax

(Common Vaccines: Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine and zoster (Shingles) Vaccine)

This vaccine is recommended for 60 years of age

Influenza

(Common Vaccines)

An acute viral respiratory disease that predictably and periodically causes worldwide epidemics known as pandemic

Influenza Vaccine

(Common Vaccines)

Vaccine is given as an injection with inactivated virus or as a nasal spray with live attenuated virus and reduces the risk of illness from flu by 50% to 60% overall

Influenza Vaccine

(Common Vaccines)

Advantageous in preventing hospitalization for children, those with diabetes or pulmonary disease, and those over the age of 50

Human Papillomavirus PHV (HPV)

(Common Vaccines)

The most prevalent of all sexually transmitted viruses and is the principal cause of cervical cancer

11 or 12

(Common Vaccines: Human Papillomavirus PHV (HPV))

Vaccination at age ___ or ___ is recommended for both males and females and are given in a 3 dose series

3

(Common Vaccines: Human Papillomavirus PHV (HPV))

Vaccination at age 11 or 12 is recommended for both males and females and are given in a ___ dose series

Human Papillomavirus PHV (HPV)

(Common Vaccines)

Not recommended for those with history of hypersensitivity to any vaccine component, those with a history of anaphylactic latex allergy, or for women who are pregnant

Equipment Care

Patient Education

(Home-based Care of an Infection)

(2) Reducing Risk to the Patient

Disinfection and aseptic

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to the Patient - Equipment Care)

___ and ___ technique (e.g. Zonrox) while using medical equipment

Catheter-related sepsis

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to the Patient - Equipment Care)

Watch out for ___-___ ___ (redness, swelling, or drainage around a catheter insertion site) for a patient who has unexplained fever
- Clean it everyday

unexplained fever

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to the Patient - Equipment Care)

Watch out for Catheter-related sepsis (redness, swelling, or drainage around a catheter insertion site) for a patient who has ___ ___
- Clean it everyday

Intrinsic colonizing bacteria and latent viral infections

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to the Patient - Patient Education)

___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___ present a greater risk than extrinsic environmental contaminants

clean

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to the Patient - Patient Education)

Home needs to be ___ but not sterile

contagious illnesses

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to the Patient - Patient Education)

Restrict visits of people with potentially ___ ___

hygiene, storage, and safe cooking times and temperatures

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to the Patient - Patient Education)

Follow recommendations for ___, ___, and ___ ___ ___ and ___

infection

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to Household Members)

Education about strategies to reduce their risk of ___

barriers

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to Household Members)

Establishing reasonable ___ to infection transmission in the household

screening and treatment

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to Household Members)

Public health agency coordination for ___ and ___

immunosuppressed

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to Household Members)

Physical separation from an ___ family member (varicella)

contamination

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to Household Members)

Using common household disinfectants (e.g. hypochlorite solution or bleach) in controlling environmental ___ (enteric organism infection like salmonella)

Isolation precaution

(Home-based Care of an Infection: Reducing Risk to Household Members)

Guidelines created to prevent transmission of microorganisms in hospitals

Standard precaution (first tier)

Transmission-based precautions (second tier)

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital)

The CDC recommends two tiers of isolation precautions

Standard precaution (first tier)

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital)

Designed for the care of all patients in hospital and is the primary strategy for preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)

Standard precaution (first tier)

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital)

All patients are colonized or infected with microorganisms, whether or not there are s/s, and that a uniform level of caution should be used in the care of all patients

Standard precaution (first tier)

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital)

HCW should use additional barriers depending on the expected degree of exposure to patient excretions or secretions

Transmission-based precautions (Second tier)

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital)

Designed for the care of patients with known or suspected infectious diseases spread by:
- Airborne
- Droplet
- Contact precaution

Airborne

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital: Transmission-based precautions (Second tier))

Negative air pressure room (room equipped with an exhaust system and with a Hepa B filter), rapid turnover of air, and air either highly filtered or exhausted directly to the outside.

Airborne

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital: Transmission-based precautions (Second tier))

HCWs should wear an N95 respirator. Examples of this are measles, varicella, tuberculosis

N95 respirator

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital: Transmission-based precautions (Second tier) - Airborne)

HCWs should wear an ___ ___. Examples of this are measles, varicella, tuberculosis

Droplet

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital: Transmission-based precautions (Second tier))

Can be transmitted by close contact with respiratory or pharyngeal secretions

Droplet

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital: Transmission-based precautions (Second tier))

HCW wear a facemask within 3 to 6 feet of the patient

3 to 6

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital: Transmission-based precautions (Second tier) - Droplet)

HCW wear a facemask within ___ to ___ feet of the patient

Droplet

(Prevention of Infection in the Hospital: Transmission-based precautions (Second tier))

Examples are:
- Influenza
- Meningitis
- Pneumonia
- Epiglottitis
- Diphtheria Mumps
- Rubella
- Streptococcal A
- Pharyngitis
- Scarlet fever