Solutions

Solution

A homogenous mixture compose of a solute dissolved in a solvent

Solvent

dissolving medium

Solute

substances that are dispersed in a solvent

gas-gas solution

air (nitrogen,oxygen,argon)

liquid-gas solution

humid air (water vapor in air)

solid-gas solution

smog

gas-liquid solution

carbonated drinks

liquid-liquid solution

vinegar (acetic acid in water)

solid-liquid solution

salt water

gas-solid solution

styrofoam

liquid-solid

dental amalgam (Hg in Ag)

solid-solid solution

sterling silver (Cu in Ag)

How does salt dissolve in water?

1. Sodium Chloride crystal is placed in water, and the water molecules attack the edge of the crystal

2. The water molecules break apart positive and negative ions

3. Anions are surround by positively charged hydrogens

4. Cations are surrounded by the negatively charged oxygens

Solubility

the ability of the solute to dissolve in the solvent to form a solution

Dissociation

the separation of ions that occur when a solid ionic compound dissolves in water

How do phases of matter affect solubility?

different phases have different intermolecular forces and energy levels

Solid solubility

Solids have strong IMFs that hole their molecules tightly together, which makes it difficult to break free and mix with solvent molecules

Liquid solubility

liquids have weaker IMFs than solids, allowing their molecules to move more freely and mix with solvent molecules

Gases solubility

gases have the weakest IMFs, with their molecules moving randomly and rapidly, leading to higher solubility in most cases

How does quantity of solvent affect solubility?

A larger volume of solvent can lead to more collisions between solvent molecules and solute molecules, potentially speeding up the dissolution process, but there is a limit to how much can be dissolved

How does polarity affect solubility?

“like dissolves like”

Polar solutes dissolves well in polar solvents, and nonpolar solutes dissolve well in nonpolar solvents

How does pressure affect solubility?

• Increasing pressure increases the solubility of gases in liquids

• Increasing pressure doesn’t significantly force more solid or liquid particles into the solvent because they are incompressible

How does temperature affect solubility?

• Solids and liquids become more soluble at higher temperatures

• Gases become less soluble at higher temperatures

Saturated solution

A solution containing the maximum amount of a solute at a given temperature

Unsaturated solution

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of a solute

Supersaturate solution

A solution with greater than the maximum amount of solute is a supersaturated solution

Crystallization affects on supersaturation

Adding a single crystal to a supersaturated solution causes the excess solute to rapidly crystallize from the solution

Concentration

tells us how much solute is dissolved in a given quantity of a solution

Dilute solution

has less solute than a concentrated solution

Concentrated solution

has more solute than a dilute solution