AP Human Geography All Vocabulary

absolute location

The exact location of a place on earth

Arithmetic Density

The density of people within a given area

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers to arable land

asylum seeker

Migrants hoping to be recognized as a refugee

Acculturation

Contributing to an area's culture

Architecture

Buildings, structures; the art of building design

Assimilation

A minority group eventually adopting the prominent culture

African Union

an organization with all african countries founded to end colonialism & apartheid

Arctic Council

forum that adresses issues from govts & indigenous peoples in the arctic

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Organization of SE Asian countries to promote growth & development

Autonomous Regions

area with one cultural group that isn't incorporated in the govt.

Agribusiness

large scale system producing, processing, and distributing agricultural products

Agricultural Hearths

the places where different crops & livestock were first domesticated

Agriculture

when we modify the earth through cultivation of plants & rearing of animals for sustenance or economic gain

African City Model

city model with 3 CBDs in the center

Brain Drain

the large scale emigration of highly educated people

Buddhism

a widespread asian religion or philosophy. Universalizing. Originated in India and spread to East Asia.

Berlin Conference

a meeting with european nations to agree on colonization rules in Africa

Biotechnology

using science to make higher yield crops or animals

Boomburb

a small town of more than 100,000 people growing quickly

Burgess's Concentric Zone Model

divides cities into concentric circles expanding from the CBD to suburbs

Bid-Rent theory

closer to CBD = higher land prices = higher odds of businesses

Blockbusting

convincing white families to sell their houses at low prices for the fear of black families moving in

Clustering

a group of objects that are unusually close together

Census data

a survey conducted on the full set of observation objects belonging to a population

Chain Migration

migration where one family member goes before the rest to work and save money to bring the others

Crude Birth Rate

total number of live births expected per 1000 people

Crude Death Rate

total number of deaths expected per 1000 people

Contraception/Birth control

medical methods used to stop a woman from having children

Circulation

short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

Christianity

A monotheistic, universalizing religion. Originated in Jerusalem.

Colonialism

using military force to conquer and settle a territory

Contagious diffusion

rapid & widespread diffusion because of media

Creolization

the mixing of a language with an indigenous language

Cultural hearth

the place where culture originates

Cultural Landscape

physical features, agricultural & industrial practices, architecture, land-use patterns, & other expressions of culture

Cultural Relativism

the idea that a person's beliefs should be understood based on their culture

Culture

the body of material traits, customary beliefs, and social norms that define the distinct tradition of a people

Culture trait

a single element of a culture

Centrifugal force

something that divides people. Think that centriFUgal has "f u"

Centripetal Force

something that unites people. centriPETAL -> petals meet together in the center of a flower

Choke point

areas that are strategically important because they provide access from one area to another

Cereal Grains

a grass yielding grain for food

Columbian Exchange

the global movement of plants and animals between Africa, Europe, and the Americas

Commercial Agriculture

agriculture done on a large scale for economic gain

Christaller's Central Place theory

in any region, there can only be one city surrounded by smaller cities, towns, & hamlets. The central city provides services, and the towns provide labor

Distance Decay

the farther away you are from something, the less likely it impacts you and vice versa

Dispersal

the process of distributing things over a wide area

Doubling time

the time it would take for a population to double at current NIR

demography

study of statistics, location, & structure of human population

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

a 4-stage model that helps explain the rise & fall of population growth rates over time

Dependency ratio

# of people under 15 or over 64 divided by # of people active in the labor force

Delimited Boundary

a boundary drawn on a map

Demarcated Boundary

a physically established boundary

Democratization

the spread of representative govt to more countries

Devolution

transfer of power from central govt to subnational levels

Desertification

the degradation of land quality, turning it into a desert

Dispersed settlement pattern

a settlement pattern where houses are far apart

De Facto Segregation

people are segregated by fact instead of law or policy

Disamenity zone

the poorest parts of a city that may not be connected to city services

Elevation

the height above sea level of something

Environmental Determinism

The environment limits human development

Ecumene

places of permanent human settlement

Elderly support ratio

# of working age people divided by # of people over 65

Epidemiology

the branch of medical science concerned with controlling diseases

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)

shows health threats in each stage of DTM

Emigration

migrating out of a country

Ethnicity

identity of a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a certain hearth

Ethnic Religion

a religion that only appeals to one group of people in one place

Ethnocentrist

one who evaluates other cultures based on their own

Expansion diffusion

when innovation spreads to new places while staying strong in the original location

Ethnic Cleansing

mass expulsion or killing of an ethnicity to get rid of them ex: holocaust

Ethnic Separatism

ethnic separation from the larger group

ethnonationalism

Form of nationalism where the nation is defined by ethnicity

european Union (EU)

an economic association formed by wester european countries to promote free trade among its members

Exclusive Economic Zone

200 miles from a nation's shoreline of protected resources & economic activity

enclosure

taking over & fencing off land

Erosion

the movement of soil by wind or water

extensive agriculture

agriculture done on a large scale with lots of land & little labor

Extensive Subsistence agriculture

subsistence agriculture on a large scale (shifting cultivation & nomadic herding)

Edge city

city on the fringe of a larger city

exurb

a small community lying beyond a suburb; usually wealthier

Environmental Injustice

disproportionate exposure of certain communities to pollution

Formal region

a region usually controlled by a government. Example: The United States

functional region

an area organized around a focal point

Field observations

data collected out in the world

forced migration

migration required because of cultural or environmental factors

failed state

a state where the govt. has lost the ability to provide basic public services

federal state

a state with power divided between national & state govt.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

a computer that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays geographic data

Global scale

comparing the whole earth to something

gender

whether you are male or female (sorry for the bad definition)

geometric boundary

relatively straight lines that don't follow ethnic or physical features

gerrymandering

re-drawing of political boundaries for your benefit

green revolution

ag. revolution introducing advanced tech & bioengineering & reducing labor demand

Globalization

the global spread of culture & technology

Gravity Model

interaction between two places = (population 1 x population2) / distance squared; distance isn't the only factor

galactic city model

inner city surrounded by suburbs surrounded by business areas

greenbelts

a belt of parks, parkways, or farmland encircling a community

Hierarchical diffusion

diffusion from minority to majority down chain of command