chem 1220 exam #3

amines

organic nitrogen compounds formed by replacing one or more H atoms of ammonia (NH3) with alkyl groups

structures of 1,2,3,4° amines

1°: 1 C-N bond (RNH₂)

2°: 2 C-N bonds (R₂NH)

3°: 3 C-N bonds (R₃N)

4°: 4 C-N bonds (R₄N)

• no lone pair and a formal charge of +1

• FC = valence electrons - (dots + bonds)

general structure of amines

amine N has a trigonal pyramidal shape

bond angles: 109.5°

physical properties of amines

polar, containing polar C-N or H-N bonds

1° and 2° amines can have intermolecular H bonding

• 3° cannot, no N-H bond

foul odors (decay, rotting fish)

alkaloids

natrually occuring amines derived from plant sources and contain at least one N in a heterocyclic ring

• often found in plant tissues as salts, need extraction to obtain free base form

alkoloid examples

caffeine: mild stimulant

nicotine: highly toxic, simulant in small doses

morphine: derived from opium poppy

heroin: made from morphine; less polar, more soluble

• inhibits reuptake of dopamine

process of neurotransmitter firing

1. presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter

2. binding receptors on postsynaptic neuron binds to neurotransmitter

3. chemical message is delivered, neurotransmitter is degraded

what 2 neurotransmitters are synthesized from tyrosine?

norepinephrine and dopamine

synthesized from trypophan

serotonin

which neurotransmitter causes allergies?

histamine

2-phenylethyl derivatives

methamphetamines, amphetamines, and epinephrine

lipids are ___ in organic solvents and ___ in water

soluble, insoluble

lipids contain nonpolar ____ and _____ double bonds

C=C, C=H

lipids release more energy than…

carbohydrates or protiens

two types of lipids

hydrolyzable

• waxes

• triacylglycerols

• phospholipids

nonhydrolyzable

• steriods

• eicosanoids

• fat-soluble vitamins

______ do not respond where they are synthesized, but ________ do

hormones, eicosanoids

monosaccharides are made up of ________

3-6 C, an aldehyde or ketone, and many OHs

simplest aldose?

glyceraldehyde

• 1 chiral center

mutarotation

interconversion between alpha and beta anomer

carbohydrate reduction

carbonyl → primary alcohol

aldose → alditol

• using H2 and Pd

carbohydrate oxidation

aldehyde → carboxylic acid

• using Benedict’s reagent

  • mild oxidizer, basic tests for glucose in urine (blue → red)

ketoses undergo…

rearrangement to an aldose

• aldose can be oxidized to aldonic acid

the reaction that joins 2 monosaccharides forms…

an acetal

bonds that join monosaccharides together

glycosidic linkages

disaccharide hydrolysis cleaves…

C-O linkages

celluose has __ linkages

beta

starch has __ linkages

alpha

glycogen is stored in…

liver and muscle cells

carbohydrate derivatives

GAGs and chitin