Human Development Exam 1

What is the difference between Nature vs. Nurture

Genotype

Phenotype

Epigenetics

John Locke: Tabula Rasa

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Child-centered development (Emile)

Temperament: 3 core qualitiies of temperament

Why psychologist compare identical vs. fraternal twins

Autothenography

Signmund Freud: Major contribution: emphasis on unconscious processes

Five psychosexual stages

Oedipus/Electra complex (Know the stage)

Defense mechanisms: what they are and why the exist

Common criticism of Freud’s theory

Melanie Klein(Object Relations)

Donald Winnicott (Non-Fruedians)

Focus on early caregiver-child relationship

Erik Erikson

Shift from psychosexual to psychosocial development

Trust vs. Mistrust

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Initiative vs Guilt

Industry vs Inferiority

Identity developes through social interation and experience

John Bowlby who was he the founder of

Attachment theory

Phases of attachment formation

timing of attachent development

Harry Harlow

Wire -mesh monkey studies

Importance of comfort and emotional security

Mairy Ainsworth

Strange Situation

The 3 Attachment styles

Secure

Avoidant

Ambivalent(clingy)

Caregiver as a secure base

Appiled Examples of Caregiver as a secure base

Culture and caregiber practices

Immigrant child experiences and attachment

Jean Piaget

Schemas

Assimilation vs Accommodation

Stages in order

1. Sensorimotor

2. Preoperational

3. Concrete Operational

4. Formal Operational

Object performance

Conservation

Egocentrism

Concrete Logic

Children think differently, not just less well, than adults

Lev Vygotsky

Emphasis on social and cultural context

Language as central to development

Zone of Proximan Development (ZDP)

Scaffolding

Educational implications

Piaget vs Vygotsky

Individual discovery vs social learning

Piaget vs Vygotsky

Language as outcome vs Language as driver