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Song Dynasty
(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.
Imperial Bureaucracy
Division of an empire into organized provinces to make it easier to control
Meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
Grand Canal
The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.
Gunpowder
The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
Champa Rice
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)
Proto-industrialization
Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.
Artisans
skilled workers who make goods by hand
Scholar-gentry
Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.
Foot Binding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
woodblock printing
a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood
Buddhism
A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.
Theravada Buddhism
Buddhist sect that focuses on the wisdom of the Buddha
Mahayana Buddhism
Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.
Tibetan Buddhism
makes great use of ritual
Syncretic
A religion that combines several traditions
Chan Buddhism
Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society
Zen Buddhism
a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition.
Filial Piety
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.
Neo-Confucianism
term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism
Heian Period
(794 - 1100) move the capital to Heian; 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates; arts and literature of china flourished; elaborate court life; personal diaries (pillow book and the take of genji); moved away from chinese culture
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
nuclear families
a family made up of parents and their children
Polygyny
One male, several females.
Mamluk Sultanate
A political unit in Egypt established by Mamluks
Defeated the Mongols and the Ayyubid Sultanate
Did not set up a consistent, hereditary line of succession, which hurt them greatly
Failed to adapt to new warfare and were eventually defeated by the Ottomans, who brought guns
Disinterest in trade also contributed to their downfall
Seljuk Turks
nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly
Sultan
Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
Abbasid Caliphate
(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.
Mamluks
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
Islam
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
Pillars of Islam
The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible).
Muhammad
Founder of Islam
Crusaders
Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries that fought for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims
Sutis
Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking
House of Wisdom
a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
-Persian scholar
-Accepted evolution
-Discussed variation, and kinship of nonliving matter, plants, and animals
Vijayanagara Empire
This was an important early modern Indian kingdom centered in the Deccan Plateau, reaching its height from the mid-fourteenth until the mid-sixteenth centuries. Vijayanagara was characterized by an impressive land revenue collection system centered around the elite Nayaka warriors who helped bring vast territory under Vijayanagara's suzerainty. Vijayanagara developed a highly sophisticated military based on its cavalry, and horses were an important currency of military might.
Rajput Kingdoms
set of kingdoms in India that arose after the fall of the Gupta dynasty
were hundreds of kingdoms ruled by land owning Kshatriyas.
wealthy due to trade and a good economy.
Hindu beliefs and this is when the practice of sati began, as well as purdah (the separation of women from society).
Delhi Sultanate
(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.
Srivijaya Empire
flourished from the 600s to 1200s; controlled the Strait of Malacca
proselytize
to convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause
Bhakti Movement
An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.
Qutub Minar
Highest stone tower in india
Urdu
A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.
Mississippian Culture
Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E.; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America.
Matrilineal Society
a society in which descent & inheritance come through the mother's kinship line
Cahokia
an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.
Mound Builders
native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places
city-states
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Mexica
The name given to themselves by the Aztec people
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
human sacrifice
a person who is killed as part of a religious ritual
Pachacuti
Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca
Mita System
The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.
Carpa Nan
during Incan rule, this is a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles
Temple of the Sun
Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Kin-based networks
Relation between two or more people that is based on common ancestry or marriage
Swahili
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.
Zanj Rebellion
A series of revolts by slaves working on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia, led by Ali bin Muhammad
Trans-Saharan Trade
route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading
Indian Ocean Trade
world's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa
Indian Ocean Slave Trade
E. Africa -> Middle East & India/ Similar conditions to the Atlantic Slave Trade/ Cultural Diffusion
chief
leader
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.
Mali
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.
Zimbabwe
a country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants
Ethiopia
A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa
Magna Carta
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
English Parliament
-Firmly established by the 14th century
-Gained power at the expense of the king
-Composed of the House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes)
Manors
Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land
Manorial System
an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors
three-field system
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.
Serfs
A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times
Primogeniture
right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son
Bourgeoisie
middle class
Burghers
Merchant class town dwellers
Estates General
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
Estates
social classes
Otto I
10th century ruler who became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Lay Investiture Controversy
A disagreement between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII about who should appoint church officials.
Great Schism
in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.
Antisemitism
Prejudice against Jews
Little Ice Age
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.
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