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Large (10-100 micrometer)
Small (1-10micrometer)
Eu v. Pro: Size
Cell is envelope by a flexible plasma membrane.
Cell is enveloped by a rigid cell wall
Eu v. Pro: Cell Membrane
It has distinct membrane-bound organelles
It has few ribosomes and lacks membrane-bound organelles
Eu v. Pro: Organelles
Nucleus is well-defined and is enclosed by the nuclear membrane. DNA is
contained in the nucleus.
It does not contain a nucleus. DNA is in a region called nucleoid
Eu v. Pro: Nucleus
Enzymes of energy metabolism are found in the mitochondria.
It does not contain mitochondria. Enzymes of energy metabolism are bound to the membrane.
Eu v. Pro: Metabolism
It undergoes mitosis.
It undergoes binary fission.
Eu v. Pro: Division
It contains organelles and cytoskeleton.
Organelles and cytoskeleton are absent. Few ribosomes are present
Eu v. Pro: Cytoplasm
Capsule
Some bacteria have a layer of carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall called the capsule.
Capsule
helps the bacterium attach to surfaces
Fimbrae
thin, hair-like structures that help with cellular attachment
Pili
rod-shaped structures involved in multiple roles, including attachment and DNA transfer.
Flagella
thin, tail-like structures that assist in movement
bacillus (chain)
coccus (chain, cluster)
spirillum / spirochete
Shapes of Bacteria
Keratinocytes
generates a protein called keratin which helps make the skin an effective layer of protection for the body
Keratinocytes
fibrous structural protein of hair, nails, horn, hoofs, wool, feathers, and of the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin
Melanocytes
produces the hormone melanin which is responsible
for skin pigmentation(color) and photoreception of the
skin and eyes
1. keratinocytes
2. melanocytes
3. Langerhans cells
Skin Cells
1. Cardiac
2. Skeletal
3. Smooth
Muscle Cells
Muscle Cells (myocytes)
responsible for the contraction and relaxation of various organs (heart, lungs, liver, stomach) which is necessary to live
Cardiomyocytes
muscle fibers that comprise the myocardium, the middle muscular layer of the heart.
Skeletal muscles
muscle tissues connected to the skeleton and are important in locomotion
Smooth muscles
responsible for involuntary movement, like that of the intestines during peristalsis
1. Leukocytes
2. Erythrocytes
3. Thrombocytes
Blood Cells
Leukocytes
immune responses, fight against foreign objects
Erythrocytes
carry oxygen with hemoglobin as it circulates the body
Thrombocytes
Prevents bleeding; responsible for blood clotting
Erythrocytes
circulate around the body for 120 days and will be removed from circulation by the macrophages - a phagocyte - from the spleen and the live
Thrombocytes
contain granules that can release other proteins required for creating a firm plug to seal blood vessel breaks.
Nerve Cells or Neurons
responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between
Gilial cells
supportive cell in the central nervous system which do not conduct electrical impulses unlike neuron; insulation
Adipose cells
connective-tissue cell specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat; for insulation and cushioning
Adipose cells
found in the subcutaneous layer under the skin; around the heart, kidneys, and nerve tissue; in yellow bone marrow and breast tissue; and within the buttocks, thighs, and abdominal cavity
Bone cells
scaffold for muscle attachment for locomotion, protection for vital organs and soft tissues and reservoir of ions for the entire organism especially calcium and phosphate
Bone cells
responsible for locomotion (movement), support and protection of soft tissues, calcium and phosphate storage, and the harbor of bone marrow
1. osteoblasts
2. osteocytes
3. osteoclasts
4. bone lining cells
Types of Bone Cells
Osteoblast
bone-forming
Osteoclast
reabsorb/break down bone
Osteocytes
mature bone
Cancer cells
results from the development of abnormal cell properties that cause cells to divide uncontrollably and spread to other locations
Cancer cells
lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death
Cancer cells
spread rapidly because they develop decreased sensitivity to anti-growth signals and proliferate quickly in the absence of stop commands
Stem cells
originate as unspecialized cells and can develop into specialized cells that can be used to build specific organs or tissues
Stem cells
can divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue
Meristems
cells that quickly differentiate, or specialize, and become permanent tissue
Vascular Tissue
transports substances like water, minerals, and sugar from one extreme end of the plant to the other
Xylem
water conducting cells
Xylem
transports water and nutrients from the plant-soil
interface to the stems and leaves
Xylem
provides mechanical support of the water transported upward and the plant itself
Phloem
transport system for soluble organic compounds within vascular plant
Phloem
move sucrose sugar and proteins from the leaves where they are produced through photosynthesis to the rest of the plant
Dermal Tissue
covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption (in roots)
Dermal Tissue
prevents evaporative water loss in the stem and leaves of plants due to the presence of a waxy covering called cuticle
Ground Tissue
carries out different functions based on the cell type) and the location in the plant
1. parenchyma
2. sclerenchyma
3. collenchyma
Types of Ground Tissue
Parenchyma cells
soft part; involved in photosynthesis, storage, and secretion
Parenchyma cells
make up plant leaves and is the site of photosynthesis, thus, contains large quantities of chloroplast
Parenchyma cells
sites of sugar or starch storage in roots and are called pith (in the root center) or cortex (in the root edges
Collenchyma cells
petiole, leaves and young stem; are involved in support and transportation of nutrients
Collenchyma
provide structural support in growing regions of the shoot system being long with thin cells that retain the ability to stretch and elongate
Sclerenchyma
provide structural support in mature stems after growth has stop due to its toughness and inability to stretch
Sclerenchyma
found in mature plants; are involved in the support, protection, and transportation of water and nutrients
Meristems
region of cells capable of division and growth in plants.
1. apical (root and shoot tips)
2. lateral (vascular and cork cambia)
3. intercalary (internodes or space between leaves)
Meristems according to location:
1. protoderm: becomes epidermis
2. ground meristem: becomes ground tissues
3. procambium: becomes vasulcar tissues
Primary meristems: