Bio Q1M2

Large (10-100 micrometer)

Small (1-10micrometer)

Eu v. Pro: Size

Cell is envelope by a flexible plasma membrane.

Cell is enveloped by a rigid cell wall

Eu v. Pro: Cell Membrane

It has distinct membrane-bound organelles

It has few ribosomes and lacks membrane-bound organelles

Eu v. Pro: Organelles

Nucleus is well-defined and is enclosed by the nuclear membrane. DNA is

contained in the nucleus.

It does not contain a nucleus. DNA is in a region called nucleoid

Eu v. Pro: Nucleus

Enzymes of energy metabolism are found in the mitochondria.

It does not contain mitochondria. Enzymes of energy metabolism are bound to the membrane.

Eu v. Pro: Metabolism

It undergoes mitosis.

It undergoes binary fission.

Eu v. Pro: Division

It contains organelles and cytoskeleton.

Organelles and cytoskeleton are absent. Few ribosomes are present

Eu v. Pro: Cytoplasm

Capsule

Some bacteria have a layer of carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall called the capsule.

Capsule

helps the bacterium attach to surfaces

Fimbrae

thin, hair-like structures that help with cellular attachment

Pili

rod-shaped structures involved in multiple roles, including attachment and DNA transfer.

Flagella

thin, tail-like structures that assist in movement

bacillus (chain)

coccus (chain, cluster)

spirillum / spirochete

Shapes of Bacteria

Keratinocytes

generates a protein called keratin which helps make the skin an effective layer of protection for the body

Keratinocytes

fibrous structural protein of hair, nails, horn, hoofs, wool, feathers, and of the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin

Melanocytes

produces the hormone melanin which is responsible

for skin pigmentation(color) and photoreception of the

skin and eyes

1. keratinocytes

2. melanocytes

3. Langerhans cells

Skin Cells

1. Cardiac

2. Skeletal

3. Smooth

Muscle Cells

Muscle Cells (myocytes)

responsible for the contraction and relaxation of various organs (heart, lungs, liver, stomach) which is necessary to live

Cardiomyocytes

muscle fibers that comprise the myocardium, the middle muscular layer of the heart.

Skeletal muscles

muscle tissues connected to the skeleton and are important in locomotion

Smooth muscles

responsible for involuntary movement, like that of the intestines during peristalsis

1. Leukocytes

2. Erythrocytes

3. Thrombocytes

Blood Cells

Leukocytes

immune responses, fight against foreign objects

Erythrocytes

carry oxygen with hemoglobin as it circulates the body

Thrombocytes

Prevents bleeding; responsible for blood clotting

Erythrocytes

circulate around the body for 120 days and will be removed from circulation by the macrophages - a phagocyte - from the spleen and the live

Thrombocytes

contain granules that can release other proteins required for creating a firm plug to seal blood vessel breaks.

Nerve Cells or Neurons

responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between

Gilial cells

supportive cell in the central nervous system which do not conduct electrical impulses unlike neuron; insulation

Adipose cells

connective-tissue cell specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat; for insulation and cushioning

Adipose cells

found in the subcutaneous layer under the skin; around the heart, kidneys, and nerve tissue; in yellow bone marrow and breast tissue; and within the buttocks, thighs, and abdominal cavity

Bone cells

scaffold for muscle attachment for locomotion, protection for vital organs and soft tissues and reservoir of ions for the entire organism especially calcium and phosphate

Bone cells

responsible for locomotion (movement), support and protection of soft tissues, calcium and phosphate storage, and the harbor of bone marrow

1. osteoblasts

2. osteocytes

3. osteoclasts

4. bone lining cells

Types of Bone Cells

Osteoblast

bone-forming

Osteoclast

reabsorb/break down bone

Osteocytes

mature bone

Cancer cells

results from the development of abnormal cell properties that cause cells to divide uncontrollably and spread to other locations

Cancer cells

lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death

Cancer cells

spread rapidly because they develop decreased sensitivity to anti-growth signals and proliferate quickly in the absence of stop commands

Stem cells

originate as unspecialized cells and can develop into specialized cells that can be used to build specific organs or tissues

Stem cells

can divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue

Meristems

cells that quickly differentiate, or specialize, and become permanent tissue

Vascular Tissue

transports substances like water, minerals, and sugar from one extreme end of the plant to the other

Xylem

water conducting cells

Xylem

transports water and nutrients from the plant-soil

interface to the stems and leaves

Xylem

provides mechanical support of the water transported upward and the plant itself

Phloem

transport system for soluble organic compounds within vascular plant

Phloem

move sucrose sugar and proteins from the leaves where they are produced through photosynthesis to the rest of the plant

Dermal Tissue

covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption (in roots)

Dermal Tissue

prevents evaporative water loss in the stem and leaves of plants due to the presence of a waxy covering called cuticle

Ground Tissue

carries out different functions based on the cell type) and the location in the plant

1. parenchyma

2. sclerenchyma

3. collenchyma

Types of Ground Tissue

Parenchyma cells

soft part; involved in photosynthesis, storage, and secretion

Parenchyma cells

make up plant leaves and is the site of photosynthesis, thus, contains large quantities of chloroplast

Parenchyma cells

sites of sugar or starch storage in roots and are called pith (in the root center) or cortex (in the root edges

Collenchyma cells

petiole, leaves and young stem; are involved in support and transportation of nutrients

Collenchyma

provide structural support in growing regions of the shoot system being long with thin cells that retain the ability to stretch and elongate

Sclerenchyma

provide structural support in mature stems after growth has stop due to its toughness and inability to stretch

Sclerenchyma

found in mature plants; are involved in the support, protection, and transportation of water and nutrients

Meristems

region of cells capable of division and growth in plants.

1. apical (root and shoot tips)

2. lateral (vascular and cork cambia)

3. intercalary (internodes or space between leaves)

Meristems according to location:

1. protoderm: becomes epidermis

2. ground meristem: becomes ground tissues

3. procambium: becomes vasulcar tissues

Primary meristems: