Quiz 5: Intro to A&P / Integumentary System/ Cells/ Tissue + Membranes (Unitek)

Integumentary System

skin, hair, nails

covers the body; regulates body temp; creates structures for sensation.

Skeletal System

basic framework of the body

protects & supports

bones, joints, cartilage

Muscular System

skeletal muscles attach to bones; maintains posture; helps us move

Nervous System

brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory organs

Endocrine System

contains glands that secrete hormones; chemical substances regulate body activities

Circulatory System

blood, heart & blood vessels

pumps/transports blood; carries to all body cells; carries waste away from cells

Lymphatic System

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph & other lymphoid organs

fluid balance; defense against pathogens & other foreign material

Immune System

an elaborate defense system; protects from pathogens, allergens & our own cells that have gone awry. (cancer cells)

Respiratory System

lungs & other structures that carry/conduct air to & from lungs

Digestive System

made up of organs designed to ingest food

breaks food down into substance that can be absorbed; eliminates the rest as waste

Urinary System

kidneys & other structures

helps excrete waste; controls water & electrolyte balance in the body

Reproductive System

organs & structures that enable humans to reproduce

Anatomy

the structure or parts, taken as a whole

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

12 Major Organ Systems

- Integumentary

- Skeletal

- Muscular

- Nervous

- Endocrine

- Circulatory

- Lymphatic

- Immune

- Respiratory

- Digestive

- Urinary

- Reproductive

Pathophysiology

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease.

3 body planes

sagittal, coronal, transverse

Sagital

divides body into left and right

Transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts

Coronal

Divides body in to front and back (anterior&posterior)

Anatomical Posistion

standard position, body facing forward, feet parallel, arms at sides w/ palms facing forward

7 functions of skin

1)Mechanical Barrier- 1st line of defense & largest organ

2)Protection of internal structures

3)Participates in the immune response against against invading microbes

4)Performs an excretory function. Small waste, salt, water

5)Synthesizes Vitamin D from sun

6)Sensory

7)Regulates body temperature

Layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin (top)

Composed of stratified squamous epithelium, it has no blood supply of its own.

stratum germinativum

Found in epidermis; lies on top (surface) of the dermis and thus has access to a rich supply of blood

stratum corneum

surface layer of epidermis and is composed of about 30 layers of dead, flattened, keratinized cells. The dead cells are continuously sloughed or exfoliated off.

Keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

Dermis

Located beneath the epidermis (inner)

It is he largest portion of the skin, composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.

Subcuntaneous layer (hypodermis)

The dermis lies on this layer, it is not considered part of the skin; it lays under the skin (below)

Composed primarily of loose connective and adipose tissue.

Melanin

Darker skin pigment formed by melanocytes in the epidermis

The skin darkens in an attempt to protect the deeper layers from the harmful effects of radiation (Sun Tan)

Vtiligo

This conditions involves a loss of melanin in certain areas of the skin, creating patches of white skin

Albinism

Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes

Very pale, pinkish eyes, bleach blonde hair.

Blood in the integumentary system

Accounts for the pinkish color within fair people's skin

jaundice

yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood usually seen in people with liver problems

Carotene

the yellow pigment of the skin hidden in most persons due to the melanin

Found in people of Asian decent because they have little melanin in their skin.

Moles Acronym

A- Asymmetrical (not a perfect circle)

B- Border (regular or irregular shape)

C- Color

D- Diameter (should be no larger than a pencil eraser)

blushing

Pinking of skin

Blood Vessel Dilation

Pallor

Paleness

Blood Vessel constriction

Ecchymosis

"black and blue" skin bruise caused by blood collecting under skin after trauma

core temperature

The inner parts of the body

Shell temperature

The surface areas of the body

Thermoregulation

balance between heat production and loss

hypotermia

low body temperature below 97

Hyperthermia

high body temperature above 100

The thermostat of the body located in the brain

hypothalamus

Explain the body's response to heat loss

1) Blood vessels constrict reducing blood flow to skin. This response traps blood and heat in the deeper tissue

2) Swear glands become less active, preventing heat loss.

3) Skeletal muscles contract vigorously and involuntarily causing shivers and an increase in producing body heat

Eschar

a thick layer of dead tissue and tissue fluid that develops over a deep burn area

Keritinization

The process of converting living skin cells into hard proteins

Exfoliation

The removal of excess dead cells from the skin surface.

What makes the dermis stretchable and strong?

Collagene

What does chaffing produce in cells

Stimulates new cell growth

When this muscle contracts hair stands up....

Arrector pilli muscle

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Control center

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Cillia

Tiny hairlike extensions that move together in a sweeping motion

Flagellum

A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

Microvolli

Small projecting accordion like folds of plasma membrane

Chromatin

threadlike mass of DNA

Nucleolus

produces ribosomes

Nucleoplasm

Fluid inside the nucleus (gel)

nuclear membrane

separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

Cystosol

liquid part of cytoplasm organelles are suspended in it

Organelles

little organs suspended in cystosol

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids or fat

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Free and fixed

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes "house cleaning" cell

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

epitheal tissue

tissue that covers the outside of the body and inner surface of internal organs

adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

exocrine glands

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Intercellular matrix

Fluid found between epidermal cells

areolar tissue

Binds skin to underlying organs "tissue glue"

Tendons

Cordlike structures that attach muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

lymph

lymphatic vessels; drain interstitial fluid, involved in immune response

bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

Supports, protects, provides framework

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Excoriation

a scratch mark

pressure ulcers stages

1- Skin intact; non-blanchable

2- skin not intact

3- full thickness sloth may be there

4- full thickness w/ exposed bone tendon or muscle visible

Pressure ulcers definition

Impairment of skin integrity. Compression of tissue btw bony prominence and external service

How to prevent pressure ulcers

Turn put. Q2hrs, skin care

Rule of 9's

One arm is 4.5%

Genitals 1%

1 leg 9%

Face 4.5%

Chest/Stomach 18%

The RUQ contains the

liver and gall bladder

The LUQ contains the

Stomach and pancreas

RLQ contains:

Colon, appendix, ileostomy caustic

LUQ contains:

Small intestine

What explains the process and functions of body and how they interact with each other?

Physiology

Group of several tissues arranged so that together they perform more complex function

Organ

Where is cartilage found?

Nose

Ear

Ribs

Encapsulated nerve endings in dermis are receptors for what?

Heat

Cold

Pressure

Touch

Anatomical term posterior means

Towards the back

the largest organ of the body is the

skin

How much does skin cover the body?

10-20%