7. Basic concepts of quantum physics and relativity

Photon Momentum FORMULAE

p=E/c or p=hf/c

Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence

E=mc², E is energy, m is mass, c is the speed of light

Energy emitted by a black body (Stefan-Boltzmann Law)

P=σAT⁴

Wave Function (Ψ)

The wave function itself describes the quantum state of a particle.

Square of Absolute Value of Wave Function

∣Ψ∣^2, represents the probability density of finding a particle at a particular point in space.

Atomic Orbital Shape

∣Ψ∣², determines the shape of the atomic orbital.

Compton Effect

This phenomenon confirms the particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation (photons).

Compton Effect Observability

It is observable in X-ray congestion.

Quantum Nature of Electromagnetic Waves Manifestation

Primarily manifested in the particle nature of light.

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

States that it's impossible to precisely determine both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously with arbitrary accuracy.

Photoelectric Effect (External) - Electron Number

The number of released electrons depends on the intensity of the contributing source.

Photoelectric Effect (External) - Electron Energy

The energy of the released electrons depends on the frequency of the incident radiation, not its intensity.

Quantization of the Atom

Refers to the fact that an atom's energy is not continuous but exists in discrete levels, meaning its energy depends on its quantum number.

Lasers

Sources of monochromatic light radiation.

Special Theory of Relativity - Physical Laws

Describes the observation that in all inertial systems apply the same physical laws.

Special Theory of Relativity - Speed of Light

The fact that the light spreads at a constant speed regardless of the environment.

Special Theory of Relativity - Space

Describes the relativity of space.

Special Theory of Relativity - Time

Describes the reality that time is relative.

Relativistic Calculation of Two Speeds of Light

The result is approximately the speed of light.

Objects Moving at Relativistic Speeds - Momentum

They have more momentum than would correspond to non-relativity-theories.

Objects Moving at Relativistic Speeds - Time

The extension of the time periods by these objects by using them relative to the time periods used in the resting state.

Objects Moving at Relativistic Speeds - Length

The shortening of lengths with respect to their rest dimensions.

Rutherford Model of the Atom

Is mechanical.

Rutherford Model of the Atom - Quantum Mechanical

Is not quantum mechanical.

Rutherford Model of the Atom - Atomic Orbital

Does not work with the theory of atomic orbital.

Nuclear Stability Explanation

Explained by the existence of gluons.

Bohr's Correspondence Principle

As the fact that quantum mechanics at large values of quantum number generates results similar to those of classical mechanics.

Radiant Body Radiates Energy

Discontinuous.

Absolutely Black Body

Absorbs all the energy of the incoming radiation.

Energy Emitted by Black Body

Is equal to the fourth power of its thermodynamic temperature.