marginal propensity to consume (mpc)
(change in consumption)/(change in disposable income)
marginal propensity to save (mps)
(change in savings)/(change in disposable income)
consumption
spending done by consumers
determinants of consumption
disposable income
wealth
future expectations
taxes
interest rates
investment
spending done by producers on capital and structures
determinants of investment
business costs
taxes on investment
production capacity level
expected future sales
interest rates
government spending
spending done by teh Federal Government
determinants of government spending
economic conditions: increase of recession and decrease in inflation
net exports (Xn)
exports minus imports
determinants of net exports
national income
relative prices
exchange rates
definition of multiplier
a change in initial spending has a multiplied effect on real GDP
spending for one is income for the next
income earners consume the money and it re-enters the economy
formula for multiplier
(1)/(1-MPC) or (1)/(MPS)
formula to find the increase/decrease to real GDP
(change in spending)(multiplier)=(change in real GDP)
aggregate demand (AD)
a schedule that shows the amounts of real output that buyers collectively desire to purchase at different price levels
a downward (negative) sloping curve because as price levels rise, people have less purchasing power and will buy less (real wealth effect), interest rates rise and people will borrow less which lowers consumption and investment (interest rate effect), and foreigners will buy fewer American products (exchange rate effect)
causes of shifts in the AD curve
changes in C, I, G, or Xn
change in expectations
change in the money supply
change in wealth
short run aggregate supply (SRAS)
a schedule that shows the amounts of real output that firms collectively desire to produce at different price levels
an upward (positive) sloping curve (due to the fact that wages are slow to change even with enumployment in the short run due to labor contracts, aka sticky wages)
causes of shifts in the (SRAS)
changes in cost of inputs
changes in nominal wages
change in productivity of labor
changes in future prices
long run aggregate supply (LRAS)
a schedule that shows the ammount of real output that firms collectively desire to produce at different price levels in the long run
represented by a vertical line
causes of shifts in the LRAS curve
change in the quantity of resources (factors of production)
change in the quality of resources (factors of production)
change in technology
fiscal policy for solving recession
expansionary: increase government spending, decrease taxes
fiscal policy for solving inflation
contractionary: decrease government spending, increase taxes
lags of fiscal policy
takes time to enact desired effect
economic needs change quickly
politics
crowding out effect (increase in gov spending causes decrease in other spending; is more likely in times of inflation)
crowding in effect (increase in gov spending causes increase in other spending; is more likely in times of recession