GOV TEST 1 PT2

Marbury v

Established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Buckley v

Addressed campaign finance laws; upheld limits on individual contributions to candidates but struck down limits on independent expenditures, affirming First Amendment protections.

Engel v

Ruled that state officials composing an official school prayer and encouraging its recitation in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

McCulloch v

Confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States and established federal supremacy over state laws, supporting implied powers under the Elastic Clause.

Gitlow v

Incorporated the First Amendment’s free speech protections to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, ruling that states cannot infringe on free speech rights.

Near v

Held that prior restraints on publication (censorship) are unconstitutional under the First Amendment, reinforcing freedom of the press.

McDonald v

Incorporated the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.

Barron v

Held that the Bill of Rights only applied to the federal government, not to state governments, thus not extending protections against state actions.

Schenck v

Established the “clear and present danger” test, ruling that free speech could be restricted if it poses a significant threat to national security or public order.

Mapp v

Applied the exclusionary rule to the states, ruling that evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures cannot be used in state courts.

Miranda v

Established the requirement for police to inform suspects of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination before questioning, known as Miranda rights.

Gideon v

Guaranteed the right to an attorney for criminal defendants who cannot afford one, ensuring fair trial protections under the Sixth Amendment.

Citizens United v

Held that restrictions on independent political spending by corporations and unions are unconstitutional, affirming First Amendment protections.

Griswold v

Recognized a constitutional right to privacy, ruling that laws prohibiting the use of contraceptives by married couples violated this right.