GOV TEST 1 PT2

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Q: What was the ruling in Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
A: Established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

Q: What was the ruling in Buckley v. Valeo (1976)?
A: Addressed campaign finance laws; upheld limits on individual contributions to candidates but struck down limits on independent expenditures by individuals and groups, affirming that such spending is protected by the First Amendment.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Q: What was the ruling in Engel v. Vitale (1962)?
A: Ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools, as it violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Q: What was the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?
A: Confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States and established the principle of federal supremacy over state laws. It also supported the use of implied powers under the Elastic Clause.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Q: What was the ruling in Gitlow v. New York (1925)?
A: Incorporated the First Amendment’s free speech protections to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, ruling that states cannot infringe on free speech rights.

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

Q: What was the ruling in Near v. Minnesota (1931)?
A: Held that prior restraints on publication (censorship) are unconstitutional under the First Amendment, reinforcing freedom of the press.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Q: What was the ruling in McDonald v. Chicago (2010)?
A: Incorporated the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

Q: What was the ruling in Barron v. Baltimore (1833)?
A: Held that the Bill of Rights only applied to the federal government and not to state governments, thus not extending protections against state actions.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Q: What was the ruling in Schenck v. United States (1919)?
A: Established the “clear and present danger” test, ruling that free speech could be restricted if it poses a significant threat to national security or public order.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Q: What was the ruling in Mapp v. Ohio (1961)?
A: Applied the exclusionary rule to the states, ruling that evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures cannot be used in state courts.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Q: What was the ruling in Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?
A: Established the requirement for police to inform suspects of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination before questioning, known as Miranda rights.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Q: What was the ruling in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)?
A: Guaranteed the right to an attorney for criminal defendants who cannot afford one, ensuring fair trial protections under the Sixth Amendment.

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

Q: What was the ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)?
A: Held that restrictions on independent political spending by corporations and unions are unconstitutional, affirming that such spending is protected by the First Amendment.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Q: What was the ruling in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)?
A: Recognized a constitutional right to privacy, ruling that laws prohibiting the use of contraceptives by married couples violated this right.