biology review: test 1

this was everything we reviewed in class... would also know the formula for glucose and photosynthesis

biology

the study of living things

organisms

any living things

botany

the study of plants

zoology

the study of animals

physiology

the study of physical structure and function of the human body

herbaceous

non-woody plant

taproot

one main root (stores food)

fibrous root system

many small roots (keeps in ground)

angiosperms

flowering seed plants (half of population of plants)

composite

known for not having petals; ray flowers and disk flowers (daisy)

rose family

family that has an open five-petal design

pea family

family that is used as food and forage; legumes

mint family

family that is used in cooking and landscaping and has square stems

annual

lives for one growing season

cashew family

family that contains the three most common poisonous plants

perennial

lives for several growing seasons

pea family

family that is used to prevent soil erosion

nitrogen cycle

the movement of nitrogen from air, into the soil, and back into the air

nightshade family

family that contains tomato, irish potato, pepper, eggplant, deadly nightshade, woody nightshade, tobacco, petunia; many are poisonous

grass

considered the most important group of plants on earth

monocots

* 1 cotyledon


* Parallel veins
* Petals in multiples of 3
* Fibrous root system 

dicots

* 2 cotyledons 


* Broad, flat leaves with branching veins 
* Petals in multiples of 4 or 5
* Taproot system

stolon

a creeping stem that grows above the ground

grain

fruit of the flower cluster

wheat

corn

rice

what are the three most important cereal crops?

trees

the largest of all plants

deciduous

when trees lose their leaves

crown

the leaves of the tree

trunk

the main stem of the tree

catkins

flowers of some trees

samara

fruit of the maple trees

magnolias

symbol of the american south

birch

thin, smooth bark peels off in layers

sycamores

america’s largest deciduous tree

bracts

flowers like petals on a dogwood

system

a group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism

shoot system

the part of the plant that is usually found above ground, holding the leaves toward the sun for the manufacturing of food and providing for the production of flowers, fruits, and seeds

organ

a structure within a system that has a definite form and performs a definite function or functions for the system

blade

flat portion of a leaf

bud

 contain developing leaf or stem structures

compound leaves

more than one blade on every petiole

nodes

the points at which leaves grow from the stem

tissue

living material that is constructed in such a way as to perform a particular task for the organs of an organism

opposite

when two leaves grow from each node

alternate

only one leaf grows from each node in an alternating pattern up the branch

whorled

when there are three or more leaves growing from each node

xylem

transports water and dissolved minerals ***upward*** from the roots to the leaves

phloem

transports food manufactured in the leaves ***downward***

stipules

small leaf-like or scale-like structures that helped to cover the leaf when it was developing

petiole

the second major part of a typical leaf

margin

the edge of the blade

midrib

the large vein of the leaf

meristematic

plant tissue responsible for the growth and repair of plants

epidermis

provides covering and protection for both the upper and lower leaf surfaces

cuticle

consists of a waxy substance that helps to seal in water

stomata

tiny opening in the surface of a leaf that allows gases to enter and leave the leaf; also called leaf pore

parallel venation

leaf venation in which the veins are usually parallel to each other along the length of the leaf; monocots

pinnate

leaf venation in which the veins are in a branching pattern characterized by a midrib with smaller veins extending out from it

palmate

leaf venation in which two or more major veins extend outward from one point

cell

the basic structural unit of all living things

cell wall

found around the outside of the cell membrane

cellulose

a complex carbohydrate made up of long chains of glucose (a simple sugar) molecules

chlorophyll

the green pigment that gives plants their color and enables them to capture the energy of light

autotroph

organisms, such as green plants, that can make their own food; producers

heterotrophs

organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms; consumers

photosynthesis

the process whereby a plant’s chloroplasts capture the radiant energy of light and convert it into the chemical energy of food

glucose

a simple sugar