[ 2MID ] General Biology - Animals

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65 Terms

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Histology

The study of animal and plant issues. This involves the preparation of thin tissue sections, differently stained and examined under the microscope.

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Microtome

An instrument used to cut tissues into ultrathin sections.

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Epithelial Tissues

widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands.

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Simple Epithelium

Epithelial tissues that are made up of a single layer of cells.

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Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissues has more than one layer of cells.

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

This consists of a single layer of flattened cells. These are usually fund in thin barriers where exchange of nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases occur. They are found in the alveoli of the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

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Alveoli

Where can Simple Squamous Epithelium be found?

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

This is a simple layer of cube-shaped cells. They have large cytoplasms compared to squamous cells. They are found in the tubules of the kidney.

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Kidney

Where can Simple Cuboidal Epithelium be found?

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

This is a single layer of elongated cells. This type of epithelium is ideal for absorption and secretion as it contains large cytoplasmic volumes with enough organelles and energy reserves. They are found in small intestines.

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Small Intestine

Where are Simple Columnar Epithelium found?

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Microvilli

These are extensions of the cell membrane to increase their surface area for absorption.

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Goblet Cells

These are specialized columnar cells found in the lining of the stomach and small intestines responsible for mucus secretion.

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Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

Found in the small brionchioles of the respiratory tract for mucus movement, and in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive tract for the reproductive cell movement.

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Pseudostratified Epithelium

This is the “falsely stratified” epithelium. It is made up of columnar cells that are tall and thin, forming irregular shapes. These cells appear to form several layers but are actually arrange in a single layer.

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Cilia

These are hairlike extensions of the cell that propel the mucus secreted by the goblet cell along the cell surface.

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Connective Tissues

These include a large group of different tissues characterized by having dispersed cells and large extracellular space called extracellular matrix.

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Extracellular Matrix

This includes protein fibers and ground substances secreted mostly by the cells of the connective tissue. This may be solid (bone), soft (connective tissue), aor liquid (blood).

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Loose Connective Tissues

These are also called areolar connective tissues. They are connective tissues with watery matrix (ground substance) where the cells, mostly fibroblasts, are located.

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Macrophages

These are special white blood cells that can also be found in the matrix.

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Dense Connective Tissues

These are made up of closely packed bundles of collagen fibers with few cells. They are less flexible than loose connective tissues but are more rigid.

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Reticular Connective Tissues

  • These are made up of cells called reticulocytes (specialized fibroblasts) and a matrix that contains reticular fibers.

  • They give support to soft organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and liver.

  • They also provide the supporting framework for the bone marrow and lymphoid organs.

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Elastic Connective Tissues

These are highly elastic with flattened fibroblast cells with a matrix that contains bundles of elastic fibers and interspersed collagen fibers.

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Adipose Tissues

Aka Fat Tissues. These are special types of connective tissues that store fats. Found anywhere in the body especially in empty spaces. Found in the subcutaneous layer of the skin.

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Adipocytes

These are fat cells.

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Cartilage

A type of connective tissue with cells called chondrocytes.

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Chondrocytes

These are separated by a strong yet flexible matrix made up of a substance called chondrin.

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Chondrin

A protein-carbohydrate complex.

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Lacuna

A chamber where chondrocytes are located in. This is surrounded by perichondrium.

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Ears, Nose, and Joints

Where is cartilage found in humans?

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Bones

  • These are hardened connective tissues containing cells called osteocytes.

  • These serve as the structural framework of the body.

  • These serve as the reservoir for calcium.

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Osteocytes

A matrix with collagen fibers

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Bone Marrow

The site where blood cells are produced.

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Blood

  • A special type of connective tissue with a liquid matrix called the blood plasma.

  • This transports nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes.

  • This regulates the fluids, ions, and pH balance of the body.

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Erythrocytes

Another name for red blood cells.L

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Leukocytes

Another name for white blood cells.

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Thrombocytes

Another name for blood platelets.

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Muscular Tissues

These are contractile tissues responsible for movement.

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Muscle Cells

These make up muscle tissues that contain myosin and actin, the proteins involved in muscle contraction.

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Myosin and Actin

These are the proteins involved in muscle contraction.

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Skeletal Muscular Tissues

These are attached to bones through tendons. They are responsible for the movement of most body parts

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Multicellular

Animals are _________ organisms.

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Extracellular Matrix

This is large extracellular space

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Solid, Soft, or Liquid

The extracellular matrix may be these three forms.

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Bone

The solid extracellular matrix.

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Connective Tissue

The soft extracellular matrix.

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Blood

The liquid extracellular matrix.

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Lacuna

The chamber where chondrocytes are located.

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Perichondrium

The chondrocytes are located in a chamber called lacuna, which is surrounded by a membrane called

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Blood Plasma

Blood is a special type of connective tissue with a liquid matrix called the ______

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Striated Muscles

Under the microscope, its fibers appear as alternating dark and light bands, thus it is called _________

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Cardiac Muscle Tissues

These are found only in the walls of the heart, are also striated but its contraction is involuntarily controlled.

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Heartbeat

They allow impulses to move freely from one fiber to another, resulting in a coordinated contraction called the _____

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Smooth Muscular Tissue

These are non-striated, spindle-shaped muscles that are involuntarily controlled. They are unbranched with a single nucleus per cell. Found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus and blood vessels.

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Nervous Tissue

This is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

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Neurons

These are specialized cells that conduct impulses to and from the brain.

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Dendrites

receive impulses and send them to the cell body.

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Cell Body/Soma

This is like a typical cell where the nucleus and organelles are found.

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Axon

A long fiber-like part that transmits the impulses away from the cell body to the next neuron.

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Tissues

These are groups of similar types of cells that perform diverse similar functions.

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Sensory Neuron

Type of neuron that receives the stimulus

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Motor Neuron

Type of neuron that is responsible for the reaction

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Reticulocytes

These are specialized fibroblasts.

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Achilles tendon

This connects the muscles of the leg with the bones of the heel.

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Calcium

What is stored in Bones in which it is a reservoir of?