English 1: basic communication & thinking skills

communication

information is exchanged between individuals through a common system

reasoning

thinking about something in a logical sensible way in order to form a conclusion

• used to make decisions, solve problems & evaluate

two forms of reasoning

deductive reasoning

inductive reasoning

deductive reasoning

general to specific

• conclusion is based on fact

inductive reasoning

specific to general

• based in pattern or observation

adjective

describing word

fact / unbiased

verified with evidence

opinion / biased

based of belief and viewpoint, cannot be proven or verified

macro skills

receptive skills

productive skills

receptive skills

receiver

• read

• listen

productive skills

speaker/creator

• write

• speak

listening: types and process

listening

active listening

passive listening

listening

process of receiving, constructing meaning from and to respond spoken of and or nonverbal messages

active listening

reacting while listening

• involves feedback and question

passive listening

listening without reacting or responding

• does not involve feedback and questions

general types of listening

discriminative

comprehensive

discriminative

does not involve the understanding of the meaning of words or phrases but merely the different sounds that are produced

• selecting words you only understand

comprehensive

understanding the messages that are being communicated

specific types of listening

informational

critical

therapeutic

informational

focus on receiving information

• listening to learn

critical

evaluate and scrutinize what is being said

• listening to evaluate and analyze

therapeutic

does not involve making judgement or offering advice

• listening to understand the feeling and emotion

stages of listening

receiving

understanding

evaluate

responding

• verbal

• nonverbal

receiving

identify and interpret particular sound

• identify speech words

understanding

listener determines the context and meanings of the word

• understand message

evaluate

determine whether or not the information they heard and understand from the speaker is well constructed or disorganized

• evaluates and asses the message

responding

listener provide verbal and/or nonverbal reactions

verbal

questions, request

nonverbal

nodding, making eye contact, fidgeting

Blocks of affecting listening

• mind reading

• rehearsing

• filtering

• judging

• day dreaming

• advising

• sparring

• being right

• derailing

• placating

• comparing

• indentifying

mind reading

• prediction and assumption

you spend your time trying to figure out what will be said next

rehearsing

• preparing your response

focusing on what you will reply

filtering

• selection of information

selective attention only to certain types of information

judging

• make negative criticism

speaker is someone you do not want to listen to.

day dreaming

• carried away by the memories

disconnected from the speaker for a reason

advising

• listen not advice

unsolicited advice can be quite annoying to the speaker

sparring

• convincing that your opinion is better

communication is not about convincing someone else to change their point of view

being right

• always having the last word

your goal is to be right which tends to be agressive

derailing

• going off the topic

interrupt the speaker to say something that is quite off the topic

placating

• agreeing too quickly, exaggeration

conversation is interrupted by excessive body language

comparing

• asses who is the better and smarter

constantly compare yourself to the speaker

identifying

• indentify your experience

you try to focus the conversation to your own experience

tips for effective listening

• remove whatever blocks you

• maintain eye contact

• keep and open mind

• try to visualize what the speaker is saying