DAY 1 EXAMS

Themes in direct action

self determination - goes against the traditional masculine roles, determined to protect that fish he caught and now the river that harms the fish

environment - son protesting, river being pumped with chemicals

family - son wishes to make his father proud but fails to in his social justice attempt that ultimately get thwarted.

conflict - : ”Get a skill and you’ll always be in demand” and as soon as he stands up for what he believes in he’s fired even though he has a trade.

communication - father/sons differing opinions on social issues

Main idea in direct action

an unemployed welder, who takes part in protest activities against a local company that is pumping effluent into the nearby river

issues in direct action

Courage to stand up for what you believe in

Preservation of the environmet > employment/ financial security

Not critical of those who are doing their jobs

(policeman)

Wastefullnes of humans, scrqpping gary and his father of their jobs

Characters in direct action

Gary

Gary’s father

manager of barron papermills

literary devices in direct action

1st person narrative

flashbacks - creates sense of belonging

italics - characters thoughts

lots of humor - “welding your arse shut”

important quotes in direct action

“looked at me with what an eight-year-old boy could only take for respect”

“he’s the kind of bloke i’d buy a beer”

“installed dogs of a famously aggressive breed, but it has neglected to train them”

Changes in Gary throughout the text (start, changes, what caused change)

eco warrior

decided protesting wont do anything, chose to act

catching a fish for the first time caused him to realize how precious the environment is

Important quotes from Gary

“ecowarriors” finds himself cringey v

“watch out world, here comes mr activist”

“you get a fair bit of reading done when you’re unemployed”

“i am a qualified welder … who does not have a job”

Changes in greg’s father throughout the text (start, changes, what caused change)

had opposing views to Greg

realized greg had strong views and cared about morals, respect

once greg went to court, he realized how serious he was

Important quotes from Garys Father

“get a skill and you’ll always be in demand”

“they’re pouring human shit straight into the ocean, too … but i haven’t noticed you welding your arse shut”

Themes in the testosterone club

misogyny/the role of women

self determination

morality

What is the main idea of the testosterone club

wife who takes revenge on her egotistical husband and his sport-watching buddies by leaving them a batch of male-organ-wilting pickles, before driving away with all of their wedding crockery.

Characters in the testosterone club

monica

macca

chooka

barry/baazza

Issues in the testosterone club

male bonding,

the impact of traditional masculinity on relationships

consequences of prioritizing physical strength and aggression over emotional intelligence

Literary devices in the testosterone club

short sentences to amplify the humor

repetition to emphasize certain moments

dramatic pauses created through punctuation to create impact

Imagery, especially in describing mundane or even painful events, is also used to create a vivid and sometimes unnerving atmosphere

Important quotes in the testosterone club

“they were a club. A testosterone club”

“their complete confidence in their own majestic sexual magnetism”

“you won’t tell Barry about this, will ya?”

“rejection hadn’t occurred to him”

“the script was written and directed by testosterone”

“he brought home a box of chocolates and a much larger one of very small vegetables”

Changes in Monica throughout the text (start, changes, what caused change)

began at the end, then started at the beginning

realized how stupid men are

caused by chooka and macka coming onto monica

Important quotes from monica

“they entered a room pelvis-first”

“he’d even bought me a new book, the home preserver: everything you need to know”

“I hade the mistake of letting an incredulous laugh escape me”

“Snap and colour, Barry? … You shall have them”

“suddenly i realized i had no intention of being there”

“it was me against the testosterone club”

Changes in barry throughout the text (start, changes, what caused change)

sport loving guy

didnt care much for his wife

suddenly cared when macca and chooka blames monica

Important quotes from barry

“when a bloke cant trust his own wife”

“you propositioning them”

“are you trying to tell me my best mates propositioned you?”

“high note of disbelief in his tone”

Important quotes from macka

“if you ever need anything, you know who to call”

“i always knew you liked me”

“some other time, eh? you give me a ring”

Important quotes from chooka

“sweaty hand landed across my shoulders”

“you must get a bit lonely here by yourself of a day”

“you won’t tell barry about this, will ya?”

Different forms of Writing

opinion piece, speech, short story, podcast, letter, blog, recount

structure of opinion piece

structure of a letter

What’s a DV (dependent variable)

the variable that will (or may) change because you changed the independent variable

What’s a IV (independent variable)

The variable that your changing in order to test the effect

What’s the purpose of a CV (control variable)

to ensure that only the independent variable can be causing a change in the dependent variable

increases validity of the experiment

What is a controlled variable

factor in an experiment that is kept constant to ensure that the results are reliable and accurate

What’s precision

How close all the data is to each other

What’s accuracy

How close the data is to the true value

What’s validity

how well an experiment or investigation actually measures what it is supposed to measure

Difference between quantitative and qualitative data

‘Quali(ty)’tative- describing

‘Quan(tity)’titative- numbers, data

What information needs to be included in a hypothesis?

How you expect the IV to affect the DV

including the direction of change

Advantages of larger surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)

Faster diffusion rates

allows cells and organisms to exchange nutrients, gases, and waste products with their environment more efficiently

Does SA:V affect rate of diffusion or efficiency?

yes, lower SA:V means it will take longer for nutrients or waste to absorb therefore being less efficient

When a cell grows, does the SA:V increase?

no, it decreases because volume of the cell increases faster than its surface area

What is surface area to volume ration a measure of?

compares the surface area of an object to its volume

Prokaryote cell features

Lack membrane-bound organelles

has no nucleus

Eukaryote cell features

membrane-bound nucleus & organelles

bigger than prokaryotic cells

What’s the function of the Nucleus

To contain most of the genetic material (DNA) of the cell

regulates protein synthesis and cell division

What’s the function of the Endoplasmic reticulum

To transport materials such as proteins and lipids

What’s the function of the Golgi body

Modifies and packages proteins to be exported from the cell

What’s the function of ribosomes

read the genetic code from mRNA

What’s the function of chloroplast

site of photosynthesis in plant cells

contain chlorophyll

What’s the function of the mitochondria

to do aerobic respiration

What’s the function of large vacuoles

to help plant maintain its structure with turgor (swelling) pressure

stores metabolic wastes from the cell

What’s the structure of the Nucleus

surrounded by a nuclear envelope that has two layers of membrane

pierced with nuclear pores

What’s the structure of the Endoplasmic reticulum

network of membrane channels

What’s the structure of the Golgi body

stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs

What’s the structure of ribosomes

not membrane bound

made of 60% rRNA and 40% protein

What’s the structure of chloroplast

bound by two layers of membrane

smaller structures called thylakoids, each membrane-bound

thylakoids stacked are grana

What’s the structure of the mitochondria

double membrane-bound

What’s the structure of large vacuoles

membrane bound sac

What’s anaerobic respiration

metabolic process that generates energy (ATP) in the absence of oxygen

What’s aerobic respiration

metabolic process that utilizes oxygen to convert glucose into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water

What’s the equation for anaerobic respiration

Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy (ATP)

What’s the equation for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

What’s the purpose of aerobic respiration

produce energy in the form of ATP for cells to use

What’s the purpose of an anaerobic respiration

provide energy in the absence of oxygen, allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP

What are the limiting factors of aerobic respiration

oxygen concentration, glucose concentration, and temperature. influence the efficiency and speed of biochemical reactions in breaking down glucose to produce energy

What are the limiting factors of anaerobic respiration

oxygen deficiency

Examples of anaerobic respiration

alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation and in decomposition of organic matter

Examples of aerobic respiration

Krebs cycle

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

What do plant cells look like

What do animal cells look like

What’s diffusion

molecules dispersing between a membrane until they have reaches equilibrium

What’s osmosis

passive net movement of free water molecules through a semi permeable membrane

What’s a hypertonic solution

having a higher osmolality (concentration of solutes) than the extracellular fluid

What’s a hypotonic solution

having a lower osmolality (concentration of solutes) than the extracellular fluid

What’s an isotonic solution

having the same osmotic pressure as the extracellular fluid

What’s passive transport (Include examples)

transport though the membrane that doesn’t require energy

e.g oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, ethanol

What’s facilitated diffusion (Include examples)

passive transport through the cells that does NOT require energy

e.g glucose, amino acids, and certain ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride

What’s endocytosis

cell takes in substances from its surrounding environment by forming a vesicle

essentially "eating" the external material

type of active transport that requires energy

What’s exocytosis

substances are released from inside a cell to the external environment

What’s a hydrophobic molecule

repels or doesn't mix well with water

e.g flour

What’s a hydrophilic molecule

one that readily dissolves in water or other polar solvents

What are polar molecules

molecules that have a separation of electric charge

one end of molecule slightly positive and the other end slightly negative

water, ethanol, ammonia

What are non-polar molecules (Include example)

molecules that lack an overall electric charge

co2, methane, most molecules containing carbon

What’s the function of the plasma membrane

act as a barrier, separating the cell's internal environment from the external one

role in regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Diagram of the plasma membrane

Parts of the plasma membrane

phosphate head

fatty acid tails

carbohydrate chains

glycoprotein

transport proteins

Difference between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport

Simple diffusion involves small, nonpolar molecules moving directly through the lipid bilayer

Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to aid the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, doesn't require energy

Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy and specific membrane proteins

Difference between eukaryote and prokaryotic cells

presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

What are unipotent cells

a specialized stem cell that can only differentiate into one type of cell

e.g Epidermal stem cells, Muscle stem cells

What are pluripotent cells

embryonic stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type found within the three primary germ layers of the body

ectoderm - skin, nervous system

mesoderm - muscle, bone, blood, urogenital

endoderm - lungs, gastrointestinal

What order to stem cells develop in

TPMOU Toti-pluri-multi-oli-uni

What are multipotent cells

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into multiple, but limited, cell types within a specific lineage. 

e.g blood stem cells, capable of giving rise to all blood cell types, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

What are totipotent cells

capable of developing into any cell type in a complete organism, including both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues (like the placenta)

How do uni-, pluri-, multi-, toti- potent cells differ from each other

toti- can give rise to all cell types in the embryo and extra-embryonic tissue

pluri- can differentiate into all cell types within the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) but not extra-embryonic tissues. 

multi-can differentiate into multiple cell types within their specific lineage

toti-can only differentiate into a single cell type

Difference between binary fission and mitosis

Binary fission is the primary method of cell division in prokaryotes, while mitosis is the primary method in eukaryotic cells

Phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle

mitosis (PMAT)

interphase (cytokenesis, G1, Synthesis, G2)

= 2 daughter cells

Where do checkpoints appear in mitosis

Metaphase - chromosome spindle attachment

G₁ - Nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage

G₂

What type of errors do checkpoints look for in mitosis and how do they fix the errors

DNA damage, incomplete DNA replication, or chromosomes not properly attached to the spindle.

fix errors by pausing the cell cycle to allow repair

if the problem can't be fixed, the cell will self-destruct through apoptosis

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death

What is Necrosis?

uncontrolled cell death

How are living things organized?

Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

What are the systems in the body?

skeletal

muscular

nervous

endocrine

respiratory

digestive

urinary

reproductive

What organs are in the digestive system

mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

rectum

liver

gallbladder

pancreas