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Multiple personality disorder
disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity
Projective Tests
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
What is Personality
the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person's responses to life situations
Freuds psychoanalytic theory
Focus on the influences of early childhood
Emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts
Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges
The structure of personality
Id (Is irrational and seeks immediate gratification on the basis of the pleasure principle)
Ego (exists primarily at a conscious level and the reality principle to test reality and mediate between the demands of the id)
Superego ( Is the moral arm of personality and controls the instincts of the Id)
Freuds stages of human development
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
Defense mechanisms (Freud)
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality are; Repression, Denial, Displacment, Intellectualization, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction Formation and Sublimation.
The Humanistic approach
the psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices
Self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
George Kellys Theory
People experience the world based on their anticipation of future events, which in turn is based on their past experience.
Carl Roger's Self Theory
Children only achieve solid sense of self-worth if they've experienced a sense of unconditional positive regard.
Self-Esteem
how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself
The need for positive regard
an inborn need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others
self-verification
the theory that people strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about the self because such self-views give a sense of coherence
Self-enhance
the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-views
Schemas
Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
Factor Analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
Introversion
extent to which people are outgoing (Extro) or shy (Intro)
Eysenck's Perspective
personality can be understood in terms of two basic dimensions
-introversion-extraversion
-stability-instability (neuroticism)
Five Factor Model of Personality
a trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion (Talkative-Quiet), neuroticism (worrying-calm), agreeableness (Critical-lenient), conscientiousness (Careless-careful), and openness (Down to earth-imaginative) to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality
Biological Foundations of Personality Traits
-The brains of extreme introverts are overaroused, and the brains of extreme extroverts are underaroused (Eysenck, 1967)
On a great number of characteristics, MZ twins are more similar than are DZ twins
Social Cognitive Theories
theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs. Furtner have emphasis on environmental causes and view humans as reactors to external events.
Julian Rotter Expectancy Theory
-Internals: expect their own behaviors will control events
-Externals: expect external forces to control them
Julian Rotter Locus Control
Whether individuals believe their behavior or reinforcement from their behavior is under control
Albert Bandura - The social cognitive perspective and self-efficacy?
It is argued that much of our behaviour is guided by the process of human agency. We plan to act with intention, anticipate outcomes, set goals, actively choose beavhiours and regulate our own actions.
Self-Efficacy Theory
The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully
A situation-specific form of self-confidence
Self-Efficacy Beleifs
Performance experience, Observational learning, Verbal persuasion, Emotional Arousal
Delay of Gratification
declining a pleasant activity now in order to get greater pleasure later
Personality Assesment
The field of personality measurement. It is assessed using protective tests, interview data, personality scales, reports by other people, Physiological measures and behavioural assesment.
Remote behaviour sampling
researchers and clinicians collect samples of behaviour from respondents as they live their daily lives
Rational vs Empirical approach
Rational - Based on theorists conception of the personality trait to be measured.
Empirical - Items are chosen not because their content seems relevant to the trait on theoretical grounds, but because previous research has shown that the items were answered differently by groups of people regarding the characteristic of intrest.
The nature of stress
Stress - physiological response of an individual
Stressor - event that evokes stress response (place demands)
Stress responses vary from person to person
Life event scales
quantify the amount of life stress that a person has experienced over a given period of time
Psychodynamic perspective
the approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
The Stress Response
Appraisal of the demands of the situation (primary appraisal)
Appraisal of the resources avaliable to cope with (secondary appraisal)
Judgements of what the consequences of the situation could be.
Appraisal of the personal meaning that is, what the outcome might imply about us.
primary appraisal of stress
classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
secondary appraisal of stress
if the event or situation is perceived as harmful or threatening, individuals assess their ability to cope with the event and the resources available to deal with the stressor.
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Rape trauma syndrome
a two-stage set of symptoms that follow the trauma of being raped, consisting of physical, emotional, and behavioral stress reactions
Neuroticism
anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability (can be a third factor causing both negative life events and distress)
ptsd
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Stress and Health
Life stress can decrease immune function, worsen pre-existing medical conditions, and increase the risk of illness and developing chronic health problems.
Vunerability Factors
Increase susceptibility to stressful events; lack of support network; poor coping skills; tendencies to become anxious or pessimistic; and other factors that reduce stress resistance.
Protective Factors
environmental and personal factors that help people cope more effectively with stressful life events; social support, coping skills, and personality factors such as optimism.
Hardiness Theory
Focuses on one's attitude toward stressful events.
Hardiness: is a protective factor aganist stress. The three "C's" of hardiness are commitment, (personal) control, and challenge (perceive stress as a challenge).
Coping Self-Efficacy
Beliefs relating to our ability to deal effectively with a stressful stimulus or situation, including pain
Type A Personality
personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious
Type B personality
Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior.
Coping stratergies
Problem focused coping (planning)
Emotion focused coping (Positive reinterpretation)
Seeking social support (Help and guidance)
Substance Abuse
overindulgence in or dependence on an addictive substance, especially alcohol or drugs.
Motivational Interveiws
a directive, client-centered style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence
Multimodal treatment
drugs and behavioral interventions
Harm reduction
is a prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a problem behavior but rather to reduce the harmful effects of that behavior when it occurs
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Abnormal Behaviour
Behaviour that is personally distressful, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive.
Historical Perspectives on Deviant Behaviour
Ancient Chinese, Egyptians, and Hebrews believed all who had deviant behaviour worked for the devil.
Medieval Europe; disturbed people had eother involuntary been possed by the devil or voluntarily made a pact with forced of darkness.
During the 16th and 17th century nearly 100,000 people with psychological disorders were identified as witches and were hunted down and excuted.
In the 5th century the greek physician Hippocrates suggested that mental illness is similar to that of physical diseases.
Vunerability stress model
Takes into account how biological, psychological and environmental factors can combine to cause psychological disorders.
Realiability
consistency of measurement and high levels of agreement in their diagonostic decisions.
Validity
The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. Further the diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders.
The DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders incorperating both categorical and dimensional approaches.
Anxiety
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Phobic Disorder
A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Biological Factors of Anxiety
Overreactive autonomic nervous system
Overreactive neurotransmitter systems involved in emotional responses
Overreactive right hemisphere sites involved in emotions
Neurotic anxitey
An apprehension about an unknown danger facing the ego but originating from id impulses.
Cognitive factors of anxitey
Maladaptive thought patterns and beliefs
Exaggerated misinterpretations of stimuli
sociocultural factors of anxiety disorders
Culture defines what is important therefore influences what people worry about
anorexia
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Anxiety Factors
subjective emotional feelings of tension and discomfort.
cognitive processes involving worry, perceptions of threat
excessive physiological arousal
behaviours that reflect the anxious state and often are designed to escape the feared object or situation.
Mood Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Depression
A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness
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