Preparing For Clinical Practice Exam 2

Mouth

Begins process of digestion, including the teeth and tongue.

Beginning part of digestion consists of

Pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

Small intestine

Consists of three parts that further absorbs nutrients and digests food

Large Intestine

Tube leading from ileum to anus

Three accessory organs of digestion

Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Four functions of the digestive system

1. Provides body with essential water, nutrients, and minerals.

2. Completes mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods for absorption by cell membranes.

3. Eliminates waste products from body.

4. Includes accessory organs for digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Mastication

Mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces mixed with saliva

Dentin

Main structure of tooth behind enamel

Gingiva

Pink, fleshy tissue (gums)

Esophagus

Tube leading from mouth to stomach

Duodenum

Uppermost segment of stomach connecting t the small intestine

Lower esophageal sphincter

Composed of muscle fibers constricting food once passed into stomach

Body

Large, central portion of stomach for storage purposes

Fundus

Upper portion of stomach and aids in storage of food and liquid

Pylorus

Where most digestion takes in funnel-shaped terminal portion

Rugae

Numerous macroscopic longitudinal folds

Chyme

Semi-liquid bolus form

Pyloric sphincter

Chyme leaves stomach here to enter duodenum, regulating speed and movement of chyme into small intestine and prohibits back flow

Three sections of small intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Liver

Largest glandular organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, detoxifies things, etc.

Pancreas

Elongated and flattened organ that secrets insulin into bloodstream to maintain homeostasis of glucose

Gallbladder

Sac-like structure serves as a storage area for bile that is then released into duodenum.

Peptic ulcer disease

Actual functional upper stomach where the amount of stomach acid is increased due to outside influence and breaks down stomach lining (i.e. alcohol, NSAIDS, etc.)

Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammation of immune system where body attacks intestines (Colon)

Hernia

Out-pouching on body

Three types of hernias

Reducible: weakness in the abdominal wall that can be pushed back inward

Incarcerated: Stuck can’t reduce

Strangulated: cut off blood/O2 supply of tissue to intestine

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver (A,B,C)

Intestinal/Bowel Obstruction

intestine typically blockage/bowels obstructed associated with pain, nauseous, and distended belly

Hemorrhoids

Rectal out-pouching cause by obstipation with blood vessel pops out

diverticulosis

Need to have to get diverticulitis with benign, no pain, no inflammation, and out-pouching of intestines

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease (neoplasm) or inflammatory disease in the abdomen

Appendicitis

Inflammation of appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection

Borborygmus

Rumbling/gurgling noises audible at distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of intestine

Crohn disease/regional enteritis

Form of IBD, usually of ileum and possibly affecting any portion of intestine tract

Cholelithiasis

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder

Cirrhosis

Scarring and dysfunction of liver caused by chronic liver disease

Dyspepsia

Painful, difficult, dysfunctional digestion.

Spastic Colon/IBS

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or altering of both) for which no organic cause can be determined

Pyloric stenosis

Stricture or narrowing of pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of pylorus) at outlet off stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

Halitosis

Foul-smelling breath

Melena

Dark, tar-like feces containing digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach (from upper GI Bleeds)

Obstipation

Severe constipation, which maybe caused by intestinal obstruction due to a lot of blockage

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of pancreas (chronic and acute)

Regurgitation

A backward flow, as in return of solids or fluids to the mouth from stomach (vomiting)

Cachexia/wasting syndrome

Lack of nutrition/malnutrition

Peristalsis

Stomach and intestines pushes food forward

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth

Glossectomy

Removal of the tongue

Buccal

Pertaining to the inner-lining of cheeks or mouth

Sialolith

Stone in the salivary gland

Ileostomy

Forming an opening in the ileum

Appendectomy

Removal of appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure

Colostomy

Forming an opening in the colon

Sigmoidoscopy

Diagnostic test used to check sigmoid colon

Antacids

Shut down acid production

Antidiarrheals

Strop diarrhea (Imodium)

Antiemetics

Stop/prevent vomiting and nausea (ondansetron)

Antispasmodics

GI related meds working against spams of intestines

Laxatives

Miralax and makes it easier to release stool

Proton pump inhibitors

Upper stomach med trying acid reflux (inhibits and prevents heartburn from production of Acid) (nexium)

Diagnostic Endoscopy

combo of endoscopy and ultrasound examining and obtains images of digestive tract and surrounding tissues and organs (upper and lower GI)

Polypectomy

Excision of a polyp

Lithotripsy

Shockwaves used to crush stones into fragments

Gastrectomy

Removal of stomach

Stool culture

Test top identify microorganisms/parasites present in feces that are causing a GI Infection

Hemoccult/stool guaiac

Test applying a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect presence of occult (hidden) blood in feces

Liver function tests (LFTs)

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with biliary tract

Abdominocentesis/paracentesis

Procedure to remove fluid form abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through belly (treats ascites)

Overview of respiratory system

Upper respiratory structures (mouth and nasal cavity), lower respiratory structures (trachea and lungs), and Respiration (O2/CO2 exchange within body)

3 functions of the respiratory system

1. Ventilation (breathing): exchange of O2 and CO2

   1. CO2 expelled from lungs (exhaling)

   2. O2 brought into lungs (inhaling; alveoli: sacs in the lungs important for O2 exchange)

2. Assistance by cardiovascular system

   1. Transports O2 and CO2 into the bloodstream

3. Exchange of gases in the lungs

   1. O2 in the alveoli exchanged for CO2 in blood

Granuloma

Inflammatory, nodular lesion not caused by bacteria/viral infection

Septum

Wall dividing 2 cavities in nose

Surfactant

Lipoprotein that decreases the surface tension (friction in gas exchange) of alveoli and contributes to their elasticity (expand/contract)

Cilia

Tiny hairs in the nasal cavity/mucus membrane that helps move debris through respiratory tract

Rhinoplasty

Plastic surgery to the nose (not including septum)

Septoplasty

Surgery to fix a deviated septum

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

• irreversible damage

• 50+ years old

• Caused by smoking only

• CO2 retention problem (lungs get too big due to inability of being able to get all the CO2 out)

• Three types: Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Asthma

Influenza

Viral infection of flu with body aches and increased fever

Tuberculosis (Tb)

Mycobacterium infection

Pneumonia

Lower respiratory infection of the lobes of the lungs with engorged alveoli and coughing up of sputum)

Pulmonary Embolism

Blood clot in the lung revealing an underlying condition like hypercoaguable

Pleural Effusion

Collection of pleural fluid in the pleural space, pushing on the lung, making it smaller (SoB)

Cystic fibrosis

Hereditary disease, with thick, tar-like mucus that’s not easily coughed up, increased concentration of salt in the sweat (Cl- sweat test to see if someone has it or not)

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDs)

Rapid breathing with cyanosis (blue-coloring from lack of O2), can be fatal (ventilation/Lung Failure)

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Lung cancer caused from smoking, pollution, radiation, and other carcinogens

Stridor

Upper airway swelling with high-pitched noise

Wheeze

Lower airway problem with raspy sound (common in asthma and COPD patients)

Croup

Virus-borne swelling of the upper airway with stridor sometimes

Apnea

Not breathing

Coryza/rhinitis

Inflammation/swelling of nasal passages

Epistaxis

Nose bleeds

Dyspnea

SoB

Orthopnea

SoB when lying flat

Tachypnea

Increased respiratory rate (hyperventilating)

Bradypnea

Decreased respiratory rate (slow breathing sometimes caused by opioids)

Hemoptysis

Coughing up blood

Pleurisy

Inflammation/pain of pleural space impairing lubricating function of pleura that can cause chest pain

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscope used to view airways and checks for any abnormalities (Tumors i.e.)

Laryngoscope

Helps hook someone up to a ventilator and helps put a intubation tube in

Radiography

2-D chest X-Ray