Genetics Vocabulary
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Last updated 4:45 PM on 3/12/25
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29 Terms
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Allele
An alternative form of a gene that can occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes.
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Carrier
An individual who has one allele for a recessive trait and can pass it to offspring but does not express the trait.
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Codominance
A genetic situation in which both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote.
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Dihybrid cross
A cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits.
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Dominant
An allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele.
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Fertilization
The process by which sperm and egg combine to form a zygote.
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Gene
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
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Generations (P / F1 / F2)
P is the parental generation, F1 is the first generation of offspring, and F2 is the second generation of offspring.
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Genetics
The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
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Genotype
The genetic constitution of an individual, often represented by alleles.
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Gregor Mendel
The father of modern genetics known for his experiments with pea plants.
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Heredity
The passing of traits from parents to offspring.
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Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a particular gene.
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Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular gene.
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Hybrid
Offspring resulting from the cross between two genetically different individuals.
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Incomplete dominance
A genetic situation where neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype.
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Independent assortment
The principle that genes for different traits segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
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Law of Segregation
The principle that pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation.
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Multiple alleles
More than two possible alleles exist for a particular gene.
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Pedigree
A diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors.
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Phenotype
The physical expression or characteristics of a trait.
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Pleiotropy
A situation in which a single gene affects multiple traits.
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Polygenic traits
Traits controlled by multiple genes, often showing a continuum of variation.
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Principle of Dominance
The principle that states some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
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Punnett square
A diagram used to predict the genotypes of a genetic cross.
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Recessive
An allele that is masked in the presence of a dominant allele and only expresses its phenotype in homozygous condition.
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Sex-linked genes
Genes located on sex chromosomes, often associated with traits that are inherited differently in males and females.
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Trait
A specific characteristic of an organism that can be observed or measured.
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True-breeding
Organisms that, when mated, always produce offspring with the same phenotype.
