Citizens - Klein

Queen Elizabeth I

- Daughter of Anne Bolynn and Henry the Eighth
- Ushered in England's most powerful era
- Defeated the Spanish armada
- Rejected King Phillip of Spain; Married to England

William Shakespeare

- Very prominent Renaissance author
- Focused highly on the 'human condition'
- Most quoted author of all time

John Locke

- British Philosopher
- Believed the government should be derived through the will of the people
- Inspired the Declaration of Independence

Queen Isabella I

- Sponsored Columbus' mission
- Symbol of the Dark Ages
- Insistence on strict adherence to religion started the decent of Spain
- Close with the Pope; starts the Spanish Inquisition
- Spain was very powerful during her reign, due to muslim influence in the south.

Christopher Columbus

- In 1492, he sailed the ocean blue
- Started off looking for the 'Spice Islands', or Indonesia
- Although he ended up in the Caribbean, thought he had found Indonesia at the time of his death
- Kicked off a new period of colonization

Benjamin Franklin

- Founding Father, Inventor
- Diplomat to France
- Invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the stove

George Washington

- General of the US army during the US Revolution
- First President of the United States
- Natural leader, apolitical
- The President's position was made for him

Thomas Jefferson

- Favorite philosopher was John Locke
- Vice president to John Adams
- Authored the Declaration of Independence
- Third President
- Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase

Abraham Lincoln

- Emancipates slaves in the US
- Entire presidency was the Civil Was
- Manages to keep the Union together
- Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

Franklin D. Roosevelt

- Weelchair-bound due to a bought of polio when he was young
- Hid his immobility during his Presidency
- Created the New Deal; President during the Great Depression
- His 'Fireside Chats' revolutionized the way presidents communicated

Eleanor Roosevelt

- Franklin Roosevelt's wife
- Reporter while First Lady
- Worked for woman's suffrage, the red cross
- Incredibly involved in the Roosevelt institution
- US Representative to the UN; helped create the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- "Nobody can make you feel inferior without your permission"

William the Conqueror

- From Norman
- Last successful invader of the British Isles; in 1066
- Illiterate, but brought huge change to the English language

Margaret Sanger

- Founder of Planned Parenthood
- Feminist Activist during the first wave
- Started periodical called 'Woman Rebel'; promoted woman's autonomy and birth control

Queen Victoria I

- Oversaw the height of the British Empire
- Mourned her husband., Albert, for nearly 40 years
- The 'Victorian Morals' came from her
- Lead the conquest of Ireland, created Irish stereotypes

Johann Gutenberg

- Created the printing press
- Promotion of literacy and reading brought education and the end of the Dark Ages
- Promoted thought outside of the Bible

Julius Caesar

- Ruler of Ancient Rome
- Great general, incredibly charismatic
- Famous for conquering and expanding Rome
- Good speaker, known for a 'flamboyant' lifestyle
- "Every woman's man and every man's woman"
- Changed Rome from an Oligarchy to a single leadership
- Assassinated by the Senate

Cleopatra VII

- Ruled the Egyptian empire with her brother, hated each other
- Wanted to merge the Roman and Egyptian empires
- Knew how to manipulate men to get what she wanted
- Becomes close with Julius to merge their empires
- After Julius was assassinated, she became close to Mark Antony thinking he'll be the next leader
- Commits suicide after Augustus is elected

Octavius 'Augustus' Caesar

- 'Cleans up' Rome after Julius
- A family man
- Sets up the 'Pox Romana'; the Peace of Rome
- Promotes education, arts, and family

Charles Darwin

- Created theory of natural selection and evolution
- Naturalist, curious, and intelligent
- Goes to the Galapagos Islands; writes the Origins of Species

Buddha

- Prince in Northern India/Nepal
- Not allowed to leave the palace; sheltered
- Becomes obsessed with the idea of suffering; not comfortable to chalking up misery to bad Karma after leaving the palace for the first time
- Meditates for 49 days and comes up with the philosophy of Buddhism

Moses

- Received the 10 commandments in the Ark of the Covenant
- Freed the Jews from Egypt through the Red Sea
- 10 commandments are the foundation of the Torah

Muhammad

- Founder of Islam
- Founder and political ruler of the Islamic Empire, which became the Ottoman Empire
- Creates the Quaran, influenced by the angel Gabriel

Umar ibn al-Khattah

- Most important Caliph of the Islamic empire
- Expands it greatly, spreads Islam around the whole of the Middle East and Northern Africa
- Conquers Israel but Jews had already been driven out
- Builds a mosque beside the Western Wall to ensure the place stayed sacred

Jesus Christ

- Founder of Christianity
- Attractive personality, was a Rabbi

Martin Luther

- Christian monk teaching theology during the Renaissance
- Triggers the Protestant Reformation
- Had issues with the way the Catholic church let people into heaven
- 95 theses

Peter the Great

- Trained for Czarship starting at 4
- Travels to Europe, brings ideas back to Russia
- Ushers forth the Golden Age for Russia
- Westernizes Russia and expands it

Karl Marx

- Philosopher in the 1800s
- Father of Communism
- "Workers of the world, unite. There will be revolutions."
- Kicked out of continental Europe for revolutionary ideas

Lenin

- Well-educated, from a family of revolutionaries
- Led the Bolshevik revolution in Russia
- Helped overthrow the Czar in 1917
- Disliked Stalin
- Immortalized after his death

Joseph Stalin

- Shrewd, manipulated Communism in Russia to benefit him
- Cold and unempathetic leader, eliminated competition
- May be responsible for the most deaths caused by one person
- Starved country to stop protests

Martin Luther King, Jr.

- Civil rights activist, renowned speaker
- Baptist reverend who prioritized peaceful protest
- Won the Nobel Peace Prize
- Assassinated in Memphis, Tennesee, in 1968
- FBI was always investigating him, was labeled an enemy of the state due to socialist views
- Villified until death

Simon Bolivar

- Greatest revolutionary leader in the world
- Freed Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia, and Cuba
- Became the ruler of Venezuela, not great one
- Always gave first, died in poverty

Eva Duarte Peron

- Born in rural Argentina, to a poor, single mother
- Had to support her family from a young age, dropped out of school at 12
- Moves to Buenos Aries at 18
- Rising general in the military, Juan \______, takes interest in her
- Juan becomes military dictator, she's First Lady
- Hated by the ruling class
- Wanted to help the poor, becomes very popular with the working class
- Dies due to cancer

Napoleon Bonaparte

- French Emperor after the Revolution
- Talented general, overambitious
- Sold Louisiana Purchase to Thomas Jefferson at a loss
- Believed he could take on anyone
- Last defeat at Waterloo

Aristotle

- Influential greek philosopher
- Views controversial now, yet were respected at the time
- Was regarded on the expert for everything, from medicine to zoology

Niccolo Machiavelli

- Writer and Philosopher in the beginning of the Renissance
- Italian, wrote The Prince
- "The ends justify the means"
- It's better to be feared than loved
- Pessimistic, 'Machiavellian' outlook

St. Thomas More

- Was in charge of the Catholic church in England
- Childhood friend with Henry the Eighth
- Refuses to let Henry get divorced
- Beheaded by Henry
- Writes 'Utopia', focuses on the journey, not the process

Golda Meir

- Born in the then Russian Empire, moves to the US
- Enamored with Zionism
- Leading fundraiser / advocate for the creation of a Jewish state
- The first and only female Prime Minister of Israel
- Refused to negotiate the hostage crisis during the Munich Olympics

Nicolas Copernicus

- Polish astronomer, discovered Heliocentrism
- Led to the Copernican revolution
- Didn't publish findings until on his deathbed, afraid of the Catholic Church

Galileo Galilei

- One of the most influential scientists
- Invented the telescope
- Developed the Scientific Method
- Religious, Italian, believed in experimentation
- Dropped things off the Tower of Pisa
- Gets arrested by the Catholic Church, has to recant its statements

Issac Newton

- British scientist who took off where Galileo left
- Links different fields of science together
- Discovered gravity, Newton's laws, calculus
- Buried at Westminster Abbey

Albert Einstein

- Man of the 20th century
- Jewish, from Germany
- Creates the Atomic bomb, theory of relativity
- Taught at Princeton after moving to the US from Switzerland
- Most wanted individual by the Nazis

Steven Hawking

- Disabled, diagnosed with ALS, given two years to live in 1960
- One of the smartest people in the world, could only speak with the help of the computer
- Wrote 'a brief history of time'
- Continued Einstein's work
- Born 300 years after Galileo's death, worked in the same university spot as Issac Newton

Benazir Bhutto

- Father was military dictator of Pakistan
- Well educated on world affairs
- First and only female leader of female leader of a muslim country, takes control after father dies
- Removed from power after her husband was arrested, exiled from Pakistan and moves to London
- While in London, she works to create democracy in Pakistan, and becomes the forerunner in the February 2008 election
- Advised not to visit Pakistan but goes anyway
- Assassinated by Al Qaeda on December 25th, 2007

Mohandas Gandhi

- The Mahatma, 'great soul'
- Spiritual leader of the Indian Independence movement
- Led through peaceful protests; civil disobedience
- Boycotting, fasting
- Assassinated by Hindu nationalists for pushing against the caste system

Marie Curie

- Friend of Albert Einstein
- Polish scientist who discovered Radium and Polonium
- Only person to win multiple Nobel prizes
- Helps to create the periodic table
- Died of radiation poisoning

Joan of Arc

- Lived in medieval France
- War was ongoing between Britain and France, and Britain was winning
- Starts having visions when she's 13, telling her to raise an army and reinstate King Charles
- Musters up an army and defeats the British in the Battle of Orleans
- Captured, burned at the stake

Rene Descartes

- French philosopher and mathematician
- His philosophy? Doubt everything.
- 'I think therefore I am'
- Dies of pneumonia, as the tudor for the Queen of Sweeden

Louis Pasteur

- Creates pasteurization, theory for vaccines
- Spread belief in Germ Theory and preventative inoculation
- Huge impact on life expectancy

Mary Wollstonecraft

- British author, single mother for most of her life
- Worked as a nanny, self-educated
- Wrote 'A vindication of the rights of women' and 'An education of daughters'
- Set founding ideas of feminism
- Dies in childbirth, giving birth to her daughter, Mary Shelly

Charles Babbage

- British inventor
- Creates the 'analytical engine': basis of modern computers
- Had an outsized impact on the development of computing

Mother Teresa

- Albanian nun, the 'ultimate giver'
- Felt her purpose in life was to care for those in need
- Operated in Northern India; Calcutta
- Cared for leopars
- Believed no one should die alone
- Wins the Nobel Peace Prize
- Canonized on September 4, 2016

Alexander Graham Bell

- Invented the telephone
- Worked with the deaf
- Felt as though his invention hindered his work
- Starts Atlantic Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T)

Ghengis Khan

- Ruler of the Ancient Mongol empire
- Conquers much of Asia, some of Europe
- Makes the Mongol empire the largest land empire on earth
- His descendants lose the empire; Opium addictions

Meiji Tenno

- Young emperor of Japan at the time of the US's breaking of Japanese isolation
- Modernizes and Westernizes Japan, pushing it into the globalizing world
- Makes a shift to militarism, drawing inspiration from the British
- Breaks with the traditions of Japan at the time

Frank Lloyd Wright

- The most famous American architect
- Known for 'human-proportioned' designed
- Became famous after his buildings withstood the Great Tokyo Quake of 1923
- Believed that architecture should be built as one with nature

Adolf Hitler

- Failed artist
- Fought for Germany in WWI, was wounded
- Became radicalized, extremist after Germany's defeat
- Creates Nazi Germany, institutes the Holocaust and begins WWII
- Ultimately failed on every task he set to acomplish

Winston Churchill

- Militarist, author, historian
- Prime Minister of Britain during WWII
- Hitler's foil
- Had a massive ego, very witty and rude
- Voted out of power for a period following the end of WWII

Confucius

* Philosopher and politician
* Emphasizes the importance of ancestral worship, obeying parents, and honoring grandparents.
* De-emphasizes the importance of god or gods
* Family is above all else
* His ideas are still ingrained in China's culture

Shih Huang Ti

* Emperor of the Q'in Dynasty, united China
* Builds the Great Wall to protect from invaders
* Incredibly ruthless, tortured dissenters, built workers into the Great wall
* Worried that those he wronged would take revenge on him in the spiritual realm
* Sent out missions for immortality, they never came back
* Creates a terracotta army to protect him around his tomb, has a mercury moat, kills everyone at his memorial service

Ts'ai Lun

* Chinese Eunech; a man who served the wife and children of the emperor
* Creates the recipe for paper
* China guards the secret of paper for hundreds of years.

Mao Tse-tung

* Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
* Grows up reasonably wealthy, in Beijing
* Falls in love with Communism; appeals to those in rural areas
* Wins the Chinese civil war, rules over the largest population at the time

Leonardo da Vinci

* Renaissance man, paints the Mona Lisa and Last Supper
* Only truly made about 20 paintings
* Inventive genius, but not an inventor
* Thought of ideas like the tank and helicopter, but never made working prototypes
* Lived as part of the high society, in Florence, Italy

Michelangelo

* Best sculptor in history
* Paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
* Workaholic, had many unfinished projects even after death
* Looked down upon da Vinci and others in high society

Rembrandt van Rijn

* Considered one of the greatest Dutch Baroque artists
* Famous for his portraits
* Had an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic expressions
* Most famous artist of the Dutch Golden Age

Claude Monet

* French painter, impressionist
* Painted the Water Lillies
* Went blind later in life, but continued to paint

Vincent Van Gogh

* One of the most famous artists; paintings are most expensive in history
* Painted the Starry Night and Sunflowers
* Struggled with mental health, didn't become rich off of his art in his lifetime
* Used art as an escape when he was institutionalized, mainly supported by his brother

Pablo Picasso

* Greatest artist of the 20th century
* Goes through different 'periods' of art
* Creates more pieces of art than anyone else, in many different mediums
* From Spain, lives a high society life
* Known for abstract style

Richard Wagner

* Most famous Opera composer, German
* Had a castle dedicated to him
* Fed off stereotypes at the time, many of his antagonists were Jewish
* Hitler was a big fan of Operas

Wenher von Braun

* German rocket scientist
* Member of the Nazi party
* Rockets of the Germans in WWII was his design
* After WWII, the US and Soviets raced to find him for help in the Space Race
* US captured him but did not imprison him; lead NASA in the Cold War

Nelson Mandela

* Leading advocate in the fight to end apartheid
* Leader of the ANC (African National Congress)
* Was arrested for speaking on apartheid and put in jail for 26 years
* Released as apartheid began to fall apart
* Elected president of South Africa in 1998

Jean Henri Dunant

* Swiss
* Wins the first Nobel Peace Prize
* Starts the YMCA and Red Cross

Thomas Edison

* Inventor of the lightbulb
* One of the most important American inventors
* Only received a few months of formal education
* Secured many patents to enrich himself
* Invents movie camera and projector
* 'Genius is 2% inspiration and 98% perspiration’

Sigmund Freud

* The father of modern Psychology
* Developed psychoanalysis
* Ideas of 'id', ego, and superego
* Oedipus complex, addicted to cocaine

Homer

* A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
* Through these poems, he affected Western standards and ideas

Socrates

* Founder of western philosophy
* One of the first moral philosophers, considered ethical questions
* Mentor to Plato

Plato

* Writer of the Republic
* Founded the Academy in Athens
* Believed conflicting forces in a society could be brought together.

Alexander the Great

* One of the most successful conquerers in history
* Conquers Greece, Egypt, and the Middle East

Mikhail Gorbachev

* Final leader of the Soviet Union
* Moved the country towards social democracy
* Limited creation and deployment of nuclear weapons
* Established diplomatic relations with the US