PSY 120 Ch. 13, 15-16

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Psychology

78 Terms

1

Psychological disorder

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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2

Thomas Szasz

Wrote “The Myth of Mental Illness”

argued that the mental disorder classification system is an attempt by society to control those who are different

did not like medical model, preferred term “problems in living”

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3

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

standard reference manual for disorder diagnoses and classification

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4

Overdiagnosis effect

leads to: people who might actually need help will be treated the same way as people who may not desperately need help

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5

Panic Disorder– 

An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness

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6

Phobias

unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object

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7

Agoraphobia

A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person

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8

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

When a person who has experienced traumatic events has symptoms such as numbing, reliving of trauma, detachment, relationship challenges, self-destructive behaviors

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9

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Disorder where: Person feels trapped in repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are designed to reduce anxiety

Person is aware that the ritual behavior is senseless, but becomes anxious if action is not performed

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10

Major Depressive Disorder

Mood disorder affecting loss of interest i usual activities, thoughts of hopelessness, excessive sadness, and fatigue and loss of appetite

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11

Biological Theory of depression

Genetics and brain chemistry cause depression

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12

Social Theory of depression

the stressful circumstances of people’s lives cause depression

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13

Attachment Theory of depression

problems with close relationships cause depression

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14

Cognitive Theory of Depression

negative/maladaptive habits of thinking or interpreting events causes depression

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15

Diathesis Stress Model of Depression

Combination on other theories of depression, Person has an underlying biological vulnerability, which is then triggered by stressors in the environment

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16

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between episodes of depression and mania, driven primarily by brain chemistry

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17

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption

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18

Paranoid Personality Disorder

a disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy

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19

Borderline Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; inappropriate and intense anger

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20

Antisocial Personality disorder

A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy

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21

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Disorder marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits

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22

Sociocognitive rebuttal of DID

Disorder is not an actual fragmenting of the identity or multiple personalities, but is simply an extreme manifestation of the different roles we all hold

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23

Positive Symptoms

something abnormal is present

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24

Negative Symptoms

something abnormal is absent

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25

Positive symptoms of Shizophrenia

Delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior

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26

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Lack of loss of motivation and social withdrawal

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27

Delusions

false beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

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28

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation

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29

Diathesis-Stress Model

Model that suggests environmental stressors can trigger physical vulnerabilities, which could be genetic, a brain abnormality, or in neurotransmitter levels

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30

Dopamine

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31

Glutamate

major excitatory neurotransmitter

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32

Industrial/ Organization Psychology

a branch pf psychology that studies how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work

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33

Industrial psychology

studies job characteristics, applicant characteristics, and how to match them; also studies employee training and performance appraisal

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34

Organizational Psychology

studies interactions between people working in organizations and effects of those interactions on productivity

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35

Hawthorne Effect

effect that is an increase in productivity who are being observed by a researcher or supervisor

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36

Organizational Culture

the values, visions, hierarchie, norms, and interactions among its employees

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37

Observable artifacts- Organizational Culture

symbols of language, narratives, and practices that represent the underlying cultural assumptions

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38

Espoused Values- Organizational Culture

concepts/beliefs that management or entire organizations endorse

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39

Basic Assumptions- Organizational culture

usually unobservable

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40

Transactional Leadership

leadership that focuses on supervision and organizational goals achieved through a system of rewards and punishments

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41

Transformational leadership

leaders are charismatic role models, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, and seek to change the organization

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42

Theory X- Scientific management

manager assumes workers are inherently lazy and unproductive; managers must have control and use punishments

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43

Theory Y- scientific Management

manager assumes workers are people who seek to work hard and productively; managers and workers do not need to be controlled or punished

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44

Team Halo Effect

teams get credited for team successes, individuals within team get blamed for team failures

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45

Performance Appraisals

appraisal on an employees defined job responsibilities and specific goals agreed upon between employee and supervisor

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46

Task-oriented Advertising

lists in detail the tasks that will be performed for the job

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47

Worker Oriented Advertising

describes characteristics required of the worker to successfully perform the job

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48

Factors of Job Satisfaction

Autonomy

Work Content

Constructive feedback

Feelings of fairness

Recognition

Positive relationships

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49

Challenges within teamwork

Social Loafing and Groupthink

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50

Biological Treatments

involves usage of drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, brain surgery, or other methods that affect body or brain chemistry

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51

publication bias

positive results are more reported and documented than negative results

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52

placebo effect

improvement in symptoms because you believe the medication will make you better rather than actual chemical reasons

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53

Long term effects of Biological Treatments

Addiction, Diabetes, Tardive dyskinesia

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54

Psychosurgery

any surgical procedure that destorys selected areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or impulsive behavior

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55

Frontal Lobotomy

Type of psychosurgery, destroys or separates parts of the frontal lobes, leads to flat affect and interferes with functioning in planning and socially appropriate behavior

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56

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

shock therapy, used in cases of severe depression, produces retrograde amnesia

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57

Antipsychotic drugs

drugs that block or reduce sensitivity of brain receptors that respond to Dopamine

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58

Antidepressants

drugs that elevate the production of dopamine/ serotonin/ norepinephrine

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59

Monoamine exidase inhibitors- Antidepressant

elevate norepinephrine/ serotnin in brain by blocking an enzyme that deactivates them

i.e Nardil, Parnate

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60

Tricyclic antidepressants

boosts norepinephrine and serotonin in brain by preventing normal reuptake of these substances

i.e. Elavil, Tofranil

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61

Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

inhibit reuptake of serotonin to boost levels

I.e. Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

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62

Psychodynamic Therapy

therapy approach that uses various techniques to explore the unconscious as a route to identifying and solving problems

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63

Free Association- Psychodynamic Therapy

a method of uncovering unconscious conflicts by saying freely whatever comes to mind

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64

Transference- Psychodynamic Therapy

a critical step in which the client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions onto therapist

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65

Behavioral Methods of therapy

(Behavioral Therapy)

therapy approach that apply prince\iples and techniques of classical conditioning and operant conditioning to help people change self-defeating or problematic behaviors

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66

Systematic Desensitization- Behavioral Therapy

slowly confornting anxious things, slowing losing snesitivity and anxiousness over repeated exposure, often used in treatment of phobias

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67

Aversive Conditioning- Behavioral Therapy

punishing undesirable behaviors to condition someone to stop behaving that way

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68

Cognitive Therapy

Therapy approach that aims to have people identify and understand maladaptive thought patterns, then change them

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69

Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)-Albert Ellis

therapy tactic in which the therapist challenges the client’s existing beliefs

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70

Cognitive-behavioral Therapy

integrative therapy approach that uses behavioral methods to change cognitions, builds self-efficacy, effecitve through self-talk

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71

Humanistic Therapy

therapy approach that emphasizes people’s free will to change, instructions are usually non-directive

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72

Person-Centered Therapy- Carl Rogers

therapy that emphasizes empathy with client, seeing the worl as client does, holding client with unconditional positive regard

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73

Reflective Listening- Humanistic Therapy

rephrasing or repeating back what the client says to facilitate insight

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74

Family-System Therapy

therapy with individuals or families that focuses on how each member forms part of a larger interacting system

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75

Group Therapy advantages

people can learn from growth of others, show people that they are not alone

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76

Group Therapy disadvantages

lack of confidentiality, social issues like groupthink

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77

Therapeutic Alliance

client and therapist working together to better the client’s self

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78

Scientist-Practitioner Gap

a substantial, serious disconnect between scientists who research and those who practice

Practicioners disregard scientific evidence because it is not relevent; leads to misdiagnoses and poor treatment methods

Scientists undervalue human elements of therapy, believe in a one-size-fits-all approach

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