Studied by 35 people
Psychological disorder
a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Thomas Szasz
Wrote “The Myth of Mental Illness”
argued that the mental disorder classification system is an attempt by society to control those who are different
did not like medical model, preferred term “problems in living”
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
standard reference manual for disorder diagnoses and classification
Overdiagnosis effect
leads to: people who might actually need help will be treated the same way as people who may not desperately need help
Panic Disorder–
An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness
Phobias
unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object
Agoraphobia
A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
When a person who has experienced traumatic events has symptoms such as numbing, reliving of trauma, detachment, relationship challenges, self-destructive behaviors
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Disorder where: Person feels trapped in repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are designed to reduce anxiety
Person is aware that the ritual behavior is senseless, but becomes anxious if action is not performed
Major Depressive Disorder
Mood disorder affecting loss of interest i usual activities, thoughts of hopelessness, excessive sadness, and fatigue and loss of appetite
Biological Theory of depression
Genetics and brain chemistry cause depression
Social Theory of depression
the stressful circumstances of people’s lives cause depression
Attachment Theory of depression
problems with close relationships cause depression
Cognitive Theory of Depression
negative/maladaptive habits of thinking or interpreting events causes depression
Diathesis Stress Model of Depression
Combination on other theories of depression, Person has an underlying biological vulnerability, which is then triggered by stressors in the environment
Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person alternates between episodes of depression and mania, driven primarily by brain chemistry
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption
Paranoid Personality Disorder
a disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy
Borderline Personality Disorder
A disorder characterized by unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; inappropriate and intense anger
Antisocial Personality disorder
A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Disorder marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits
Sociocognitive rebuttal of DID
Disorder is not an actual fragmenting of the identity or multiple personalities, but is simply an extreme manifestation of the different roles we all hold
Positive Symptoms
something abnormal is present
Negative Symptoms
something abnormal is absent
Positive symptoms of Shizophrenia
Delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Lack of loss of motivation and social withdrawal
Delusions
false beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation
Diathesis-Stress Model
Model that suggests environmental stressors can trigger physical vulnerabilities, which could be genetic, a brain abnormality, or in neurotransmitter levels
Dopamine
Glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter
Industrial/ Organization Psychology
a branch pf psychology that studies how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work
Industrial psychology
studies job characteristics, applicant characteristics, and how to match them; also studies employee training and performance appraisal
Organizational Psychology
studies interactions between people working in organizations and effects of those interactions on productivity
Hawthorne Effect
effect that is an increase in productivity who are being observed by a researcher or supervisor
Organizational Culture
the values, visions, hierarchie, norms, and interactions among its employees
Observable artifacts- Organizational Culture
symbols of language, narratives, and practices that represent the underlying cultural assumptions
Espoused Values- Organizational Culture
concepts/beliefs that management or entire organizations endorse
Basic Assumptions- Organizational culture
usually unobservable
Transactional Leadership
leadership that focuses on supervision and organizational goals achieved through a system of rewards and punishments
Transformational leadership
leaders are charismatic role models, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, and seek to change the organization
Theory X- Scientific management
manager assumes workers are inherently lazy and unproductive; managers must have control and use punishments
Theory Y- scientific Management
manager assumes workers are people who seek to work hard and productively; managers and workers do not need to be controlled or punished
Team Halo Effect
teams get credited for team successes, individuals within team get blamed for team failures
Performance Appraisals
appraisal on an employees defined job responsibilities and specific goals agreed upon between employee and supervisor
Task-oriented Advertising
lists in detail the tasks that will be performed for the job
Worker Oriented Advertising
describes characteristics required of the worker to successfully perform the job
Factors of Job Satisfaction
Autonomy
Work Content
Constructive feedback
Feelings of fairness
Recognition
Positive relationships
Challenges within teamwork
Social Loafing and Groupthink
Biological Treatments
involves usage of drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, brain surgery, or other methods that affect body or brain chemistry
publication bias
positive results are more reported and documented than negative results
placebo effect
improvement in symptoms because you believe the medication will make you better rather than actual chemical reasons
Long term effects of Biological Treatments
Addiction, Diabetes, Tardive dyskinesia
Psychosurgery
any surgical procedure that destorys selected areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or impulsive behavior
Frontal Lobotomy
Type of psychosurgery, destroys or separates parts of the frontal lobes, leads to flat affect and interferes with functioning in planning and socially appropriate behavior
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
shock therapy, used in cases of severe depression, produces retrograde amnesia
Antipsychotic drugs
drugs that block or reduce sensitivity of brain receptors that respond to Dopamine
Antidepressants
drugs that elevate the production of dopamine/ serotonin/ norepinephrine
Monoamine exidase inhibitors- Antidepressant
elevate norepinephrine/ serotnin in brain by blocking an enzyme that deactivates them
i.e Nardil, Parnate
Tricyclic antidepressants
boosts norepinephrine and serotonin in brain by preventing normal reuptake of these substances
i.e. Elavil, Tofranil
Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)
inhibit reuptake of serotonin to boost levels
I.e. Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
Psychodynamic Therapy
therapy approach that uses various techniques to explore the unconscious as a route to identifying and solving problems
Free Association- Psychodynamic Therapy
a method of uncovering unconscious conflicts by saying freely whatever comes to mind
Transference- Psychodynamic Therapy
a critical step in which the client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions onto therapist
Behavioral Methods of therapy
(Behavioral Therapy)
therapy approach that apply prince\iples and techniques of classical conditioning and operant conditioning to help people change self-defeating or problematic behaviors
Systematic Desensitization- Behavioral Therapy
slowly confornting anxious things, slowing losing snesitivity and anxiousness over repeated exposure, often used in treatment of phobias
Aversive Conditioning- Behavioral Therapy
punishing undesirable behaviors to condition someone to stop behaving that way
Cognitive Therapy
Therapy approach that aims to have people identify and understand maladaptive thought patterns, then change them
Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)-Albert Ellis
therapy tactic in which the therapist challenges the client’s existing beliefs
Cognitive-behavioral Therapy
integrative therapy approach that uses behavioral methods to change cognitions, builds self-efficacy, effecitve through self-talk
Humanistic Therapy
therapy approach that emphasizes people’s free will to change, instructions are usually non-directive
Person-Centered Therapy- Carl Rogers
therapy that emphasizes empathy with client, seeing the worl as client does, holding client with unconditional positive regard
Reflective Listening- Humanistic Therapy
rephrasing or repeating back what the client says to facilitate insight
Family-System Therapy
therapy with individuals or families that focuses on how each member forms part of a larger interacting system
Group Therapy advantages
people can learn from growth of others, show people that they are not alone
Group Therapy disadvantages
lack of confidentiality, social issues like groupthink
Therapeutic Alliance
client and therapist working together to better the client’s self
Scientist-Practitioner Gap
a substantial, serious disconnect between scientists who research and those who practice
Practicioners disregard scientific evidence because it is not relevent; leads to misdiagnoses and poor treatment methods
Scientists undervalue human elements of therapy, believe in a one-size-fits-all approach
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