Song Dynasty - 8th to 13th century Chinese empire led by the Song dynasty...known for its increase in population, urbanization, commercialization and advancements.

Abbasid Caliphate - Islamic Empire from the 8th to 13th century - Middle East, North Africa, and Arabian peninsula into Central Asia

Turkic peoples- a collection of diverse ethnic groups who often converted to Islam in the 13th to 14th century and became conquerors of regions of northern India, central Asia, and Anatolia

Mongol Khanates - Mongol regional rule during the Mongol Empire. There were Khanates in Russia, the Middle East, Central Asia, and China

Dar al-Islam- term for the Muslim regions of the world (especially in its early political or cultural unity)

Mughal Empire - 16th - 18th century Islamic Empire in South Asia ruling over a predominantly Hindu population

Ming Empire - 14th-17th century Dynasty in China. Reunified China after defeating the Mongols and worked to erase much of the Mongol culture from the Yuan dynasty and Mongol control...sent expeditions into the Indian Ocean in the 15th century but later embraced isolationist ideas in the later centuries.

Tokugawa Shogunate 17th century rulers (Shoguns) of a recently unified Japan. Promoted cultural isolation while developing a commercial economy and silver mining. (Rejected European missionaries.)

Manchu (Qing) Empire - 17th -20th c Initially the Manchus were a group from Northern China but invaded and conquered all of China taking over from the Ming and ruling China for 3 centuries..

Safavid Empire - 16th to mid 18th century Empire in Persia (Iran). Shi’a Islamic Empire of the gunpowder empires. Had conflict with the Sunni Empires.

The West - Europe and the United States (usually used by the 19th century)

Protestant Reformation - 16th-17th c schism (split) in European Christianity dividing “Protestant” and “Catholic” Christianity and leading to political and cultural tension and clashed in Europe and also increased European Christianization of the Americas and elsewhere

Columbian Exchange - the environmental transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas (16th century) (not a trade route!)

Feudalism - fragmented, decentralized rule with a warrior elite at the top of the social and political structure...Europe in the 13th to 14th centuries and Japan in the 12th to 16th centuries were known for this

Casta system - system of racial hierarchy in Spanish controlled Americas that ordered the European, Natives, slaves, and mixed-races of the region after European conquest

Enlightenment - a Philosophical movement in Europe & beyond which emphasized reason instead of tradition or religions. Philosophes (thinkers) offered liberal ideas such as individualism and the social contract. aka Age of Reason.

Letter from Jamaica - 1815 letter written by Simon Bolivar in which he advocated for the independence of Latin American regions from Spanish control...influenced by Enlightenment ideas

Mercantilism - economic system from 16th -18th century in which many European national governments attempted to accumulate the largest possible share of global wealth by maximizing imports of precious metals and raw materials and exporting finished goods (especially to their colonies). The system discouraged “free trade”among different regions and encouraged protectionism by European governments.

19th century liberalism ideological emphasis on civil freedoms under the rule of law with an emphasis on limited government, economic freedom, and political freedoms

Creole revolutions - the Latin American Independence Movements against Spanish colonial rule in Central and South America in the 1810s and 1820s, which led to the independence from European control of every nation in the regions

Social Darwinism - a misuse of scientific ideas, it is the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. It has been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality

White Man’s Burden- an idea by some among the Western powers often called the civilizing mission; those in Europe or the United States have an expectation to improve societies in other regions of the world that are not as “advanced.”

migration in the 19th century - increased movement of peoples due to new modes of transportation and new economic realities which also led to increased global urbanization

coerced and semi coerced labor in the 19th century - caused the by the new global capitalist economy, forms of work like slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor (often in migrant form)

the Five Year Plans - Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928

Treaty of Versailles - 1918 Treaty the ended WWI, known for punishing Germany and creating problems that led to WWII

the Cold War - state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. This term is most commonly used to refer to the American-Soviet Cold War of 1947–1991

Non-Aligned movement - founded in 1961 with the view to advancing interests of developing countries while remaining outside of US or USSR Cold War alliances. In its first three decades, it played a crucial role in decolonization, formation of new independent states, and democratization of international relations.

Great Leap Forward - Implemented in 1958, goals were to create an industrialized economy in order to 'catch up' with the West and to transform China into a collectivized agricultural society, where socialist principles defined work, production, even people's lives.

Decolonization - the period in which regions around the world became free from colonial control by European states (mid-20th century and after)

creation of the State of Israel - in 1948, in post WWII negotiations, the United Nations divided Great Britain's former Palestinian mandate into Jewish and Arab states creating the state of Israel and Palestine

Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan - in 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, The Soviets never recovered from the public relations and financial losses, which significantly contributed to the fall of the Soviet empire in 1991. Secondly, the war created a breeding ground for terrorism.

Green Revolution - a series of agricultural innovations in the mid 19th century which dramatically increased the amount of food that could be produced by humanity and was exported to developing nations

Nelson Mandela - key figure in South Africa who led protests and negotiations to end apartheid, he eventually became the first black president of South Africa

United Nations - an international organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and

cooperation

economic liberalization - a free market policy that became popular in the post-Cold War era, where countries' governments moved to change policies to free trade and privatize sectors of their economies

nuclear proliferation - the spread of nuclear weapons, or nuclear weapons technology to countries that do not already possess them.

Sufism- mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God.

**Bureaucracy-**a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

diasporic merchant communities - communities of merchants like Arabs in Swahili coasts, Hindu merchants in SE Asia, Islamic merchants in Southeast Asia, Jewish merchants in Oman, Chinese merchants in SE Asia

Nationalism - a sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. Emerged in Europe and the Americas especially in the early 19th century from the revolutionary period

Economic Imperialism - trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in the West a distinct advantage and elements of control over states in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

export economies - regions around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops because of the desire for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers of the West

ethnic enclaves - immigrants to new regions who established specific neighborhoods or towns there and established businesses and communities. They also established schools, temples and other social institutions, which helped to preserve their cultural practices, language, and social identity. (Like Indians in London or Cubans in Miami)

industrial capitalism - an economic and social system in which trade, industry and capital are privately controlled and operated for a profit.

transoceanic relationships - in 1450-1750 new connections were made between the eastern and western hemispheres, after 1800 connections increased between regions due to increased maritime connections, in the modern period new technologies like air travel, internet, etc have drastically increased connections

alliance systems -diplomatic relationships between states, often given as a cause of WWI

propaganda-information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

fascism - A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of certain individual rights for the “good” of the nation, and often a militaristic dictatorial one-party rule (Germany, Italy, & Spain in the early 20th century).

militarism - A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.

ethnic violence -effort to commit violence to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials

authoritarian government- strong centralized government power maintained by political repression and the exclusion of potential challengers. It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the regime.

demographics - statistical data relating to the population and particular groups such as race, religion, age, and gender

nationalization - the process of the government taking control of a company or industry

privatization - the process of transferring the production of goods and services from the public sector to the private sector

metropole - the homeland, central territory or the state exercising power over a colonial empire (in the post-decolonization era it was common for people in Asia or Africa to immigrate to a former imperial metropole, like Indians to Britain)

anti-imperialist sentiment - “feelings” by certain groups opposed to control by an outside nation, such as groups within SE Asia who did not want control by France.

desertification - the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture

transnational corporations - enterprises that are involved with the international production of goods or services, foreign investments, or income management in more than one country. They often set up factories in developing countries as land and labor are cheaper there.

consumer culture - a culture based around the consumer and the acquiring of goods to fuel the economy, or an economy based on consumption (20th-21st centuries)