apush unit 2 vocab part 1

based on provide for the common defense

Christopher Columbus

• an Italian navigator who was hired to sail west to Asia to take the lead in world trade by Spanish monarchs

• most famous European explorer

• ended up landing in the Bahamas instead of asia

• hoped to find gold to pay back the monarchy for his expensive expedition

• brought back hundreds of Arawaks he enslaved to Spain

Encomienda system

• indigenous people were enslaved and put on estates to work the land for the Spaniards

• owners were given indigenous laborers for three years which gave them incentives to exploit the workers before they were moved to another estate

• indigenous people were underfed, leading children and the elderly to be especially susceptible to death

• the population of indians drastically fell and more slaves were imported from the caribbean islands

• by 1650, there were no Arawak descendants left on the island

Bartolomé de las Casas

• led the opposition to the enslavement of indigenous people

• came to the Caribbean to Catholicize the indigenous people and initially supported enslavement but he became an opponent after witnessing the treatment of the people

• got the Spanish crown to pass anti slavery laws in 1542 partly because of the arguments he made

columbian exchange

• the exchange of crops, livestock, technologies, and disease between Europe and the Americas

• new crops like corn, potatoes, and tomatoes made their way to Europe while domesticated animals like cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep were introduced to the Americas

• transported disease which killed many native americans

mission system

religious institutions to possess the land and Catholicize the indigenous population

Popé’s Rebellion / Pueblo Revolt (1680s)

• in 1680, the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico fought one of the largest rebellions against Spanish rule

• was both a resistance against the suppression of Pueblo religion and the enslavement of Pueblo Indians

• initially the pueblo defeated the Spanish until 1692 when control was reestablished

• they revolted again in 1696 but were defeated

• the laws were eased after the Spanish retook power and pueblos were allowed to practice their religion in private and labor demands were reduced

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

• pope Alexander 6th led the efforts to sign it

• gave colonization rights to Spain for most of South and North America, and portugal rights for south america

• the reason why Portuguese is widely spoken in Brazil and Spanish is spoken throughout the rest of South and Central America

Roanoke

a historic Lost Colony attempt by the English in the 1580s, once in 1585 and again in 1587

Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)

• sailed to attack England in 1588

• spanish had the world’s strongest navy

• due to poor weather and stealthy attacks by England’s navy, the spanish were destroyed

• began the long, slow decline of the Spanish empire and its role as a world power and led to the rise of England as the new world power, based on the strength of its navy

French colonization (“frontier of inclusion”)

• effort was led by Samuel de Champlain, who began a lucrative fur-trading post in Quebec, New France (1608)

• from this base in Quebec, fur-traders, the coureurs de bois, went into the North American interior to trade with Native Americans

• French fur traders established a “frontier of inclusion” with Native Americans, meaning they tended to assimilate to Native American cultures

• wanted and needed to trade with Native Americans so they had to adapt to survive and benefit economically, the french assimilated into indigenous culture

• tended to have better relations with Native Americans

Dutch colonization (patroon system)

• efforts to find the Northwest Passage were led by an Englishman named Henry Hudson

• began a profitable fur trade that provided most of the income of the colony

• introduced the patroon system (large estates) to promote food production to feed the growing colony

• little unemployment or religious persecution in the Netherlands so they recruited people from other European countries, leading the New Netherlands (later New York) to have great ethnic and religious diversity

frontier of exclusion

• the English separated themselves from the Irish, and later native Americans

• the English did not want to mix with other group which they deemed inferior

joint stock company (colony)

sold shares of stock to investors who hoped to profit from resources found in colonies

starving time at jamestown

• colonists were pressured by investors to find gold, which led them to not focus on growing crops and harvesting

• these factors caused a famine and only less than half of the original colonists survived

• some colonists in desperation for food, resorted to cannibalism

Pocahontas / Matoaka

• Powhatan’s eleven-year-old daughter

• “saved” John Smith from powhatan in a fake execution

• risked her life and ran to Jamestown to warn John Smith that the Powhatans were preparing to attack

• in 1612 she was taken prisoner after a war began between the Powhatans and the English colonists who desired more land

• while imprisoned, she learned to read and write in English, was baptized, and given the Christian name Rebecca

• married John Rolfe in 1614, when she was eighteen years-old

• In 1616, she and Rolfe went to England where they had a son

• died at 21 the day she was supposed to return to jamestown

house of burgesses

• the first democratic assembly in the colonies

• an attempt by the colonial leadership to get the Virginia planters to support the colony by giving them a role in the political leadership of the colony

anglo powhatan war

a series of three conflicts (1609–1614, 1622–1632, 1644–1646) between English settlers in Virginia and the Powhatan Confederacy, primarily over land and resources

maryland’s founding

• a proprietary colony established by George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

• Calvert wanted a refuge for Catholics who were persecuted in England

• benefited from not having warfare with Native Americans and avoiding the experience of a starving time

• created the Act of Toleration in 1649 to protect the practice of Catholicism, protestants repealed it in 1654

• catholics were eventually removed from power following the Glorious Revolution in 1688

Bacon’s rebellion (and consequences)

• an armed uprising in Virginia (1676–1677) led by ***** against Governor William Berkeley's policies and the colonial elite, fueled by economic hardship, tobacco price fluctuations, and frontier conflict with Native Americans

• primary consequence was the acceleration of the shift from indentured servitude to chattel slavery as the colonial ruling class sought to control the labor force and prevent future uprisings among poor colonists

• also led to stricter Native American policies and increased social division

pequot war

• a massacre rather than a war in 1637

• Puritans chose to attack the *** when most of the men were away hunting

• village was attacked by surprise at dawn with over 600 Indians, mostly women and children, killed

• village was set on fire and the Puritans shot those who tried to escape the flames, while others were slaughtered in their homes as they slept

• Puritans were allied with the Narragansett Indians, who were enemies of the *** indians

• massacre shocked the Narragansetts, they wanted to defeat not exterminate

• Surviving women and girls were kept as slaves by the Puritans and surviving men and boys were either killed or sold into slavery in the West Indies

New England Confederation (1643)

• aimed at military unity as well as more political unity in the new england region

• the first attempt to create intercolonial unity in the English colonies

• military alliance between the Puritan colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven for mutual defense against threats from Native Americans and the Dutch

King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War (1675-1676)

• began in 1675 after New Englanders executed three Wampanoag Indians

• Wampanoags responded with an attack on the Puritans and the war broke out

• the bloodiest war per capita in American history as both sides suffered huge losses

• Fifty-two colonial towns were attacked and twelve were destroyed

• many Native Americans towns were destroyed

• More than 2,500 colonists were killed (30% of the New England population)

• At least 5,000 Native Americans were killed, and with the impact of disease, nearly half of the New England Native American population died

• Puritans won the war, driving Native Americans into the interior of New England

• Native American men were either executed or sold into slavery to the West Indies while women and children were kept as slaves by the Puritans

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

• a conflict for control of North America between Great Britain and France, allied with various Native American tribes

• fueled by territorial disputes, Britain won, gaining vast North American territories from France, ending with the treaty of paris in 1763

• washington was defeated at fort Duquesne by the french army, caused Britain to look down on him but gained support from colonists for his resilience

• In 1759, the British and Americans defeated the French in Quebec, leading the Iroquois to end their neutrality in this war and to join the British, gave Britain the upper hand

consequences of French and Indian War

• the war helped train future military leaders like George Washington

• led colonists to believe they could take care of themselves militarily, as they saw their efforts as equally responsible for the British victory

• British did not hide their arrogance and disdain for colonial soldiers, creating tension between the two groups

• Colonial soldiers would not forget this experience and held anti-British feelings consequently

• British soldiers’ stealing from colonists’ homes and businesses during the war angered colonists

• with the French threat removed, colonists felt they no longer needed the British to defend them, they did not have a common enemy anymore

end of salutary neglect

• the British government could now enforce its laws across the empire and raise money to pay off its debts incurred by decades of war

• to help pay off this debt, Parliament raised taxes

• colonists, used to lax enforcement of laws, would oppose Parliament’s attempts to collect taxes and enforce its laws

• following the French and Indian War the British government tried to reform its relationship with the colonies

• colonists would resist Parliament’s efforts to reassert control over the colonies beginning with the Stamp Act

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• an Ottawa Indian leader began a pan-Indian rebellion to defend Native American lands in the Ohio River Valley against white encroachment on their lands

• united the Shawnee, Chippewa, Delaware, Huron, Miami, Potawatomi, and Seneca nations

• Native Americans took nine of Britain’s fourteen forts west of the Appalachians, forts and captives were returned later on

• Parliament agreed to restrict colonial movement west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent a full-scale war

Proclamation Line of 1763

• made it illegal for colonists to move west of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains, passed by parliament

• also required the British to keep soldiers in the colonies to enforce it and this required more taxes to be raised to pay for the standing army

• was very unpopular in the colonies and extraordinarily difficult to enforce

• colonists believed this law denied them economic opportunities

Daniel Boone

• opened a trail from North Carolina to Kentucky and Tennessee through the Cumberland Gap

• By the 1770s, he was taking large numbers of migrants to Kentucky

• a legendary frontiersman, explorer, and symbol of westward expansion in the late 18th century

Paxton Boys

• attacked Native Americans in frustration to the Proclamation Line

• claimed to be defending themselves from raids carried out by Native Americans with the assistance of Conestoga Indians

• killed twenty unarmed Conestoga Indians in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion and the lack of protection by the Pennsylvania state government

• hundreds of them then marched to Philadelphia to demand help from the government, state government decided it would do little to stop migration to the West

Writs of Assistance (1761)

• granting general search warrants to British soldiers and officials to search the homes or businesses of colonists for possession of smuggled goods

• British officials could search colonial properties anytime

• an attempt by the British government to collect tax revenue that the colonists had avoided through smuggling

• an attempt to enforce the Navigation Laws

currency act (1764)

prevented the colonists from printing worthless paper money to pay off debts owed to England, colonists were forced to use British pounds or gold/silver

stamp act (1765)

taxed all newspapers and legal and commercial documents in the colonies

stamp act congress

• formed in response to the Stamp Act

• Nine colonies sent representatives to there, which agreed to boycott all British goods (non-importation) in response to the Stamp Act

sons and daughters of liberty

• made threats and carried out acts of violence against Stamp Act collectors and colonists who did not support the boycott

• encouraged women to produce their own family’s clothing and home goods rather than to purchase imported products

quartering act (1765)

under this law, parliament sent more troops to the colonies to protect British officials and colonists had to house and feed the soldiers

virtual vs actual representation

• 1st meant that every member of the British Empire was represented by every member of Parliament

• 2nd meant that each region of the empire should elect their own members to represent them in Parliament

• the British believed that members of Parliament spoke for the Empire as a whole rather than constituents in their home district

declaratory act (1766)

reasserted Parliament’s power to tax the colonies

townshend acts (1767)

these acts raised taxes on imported paper, lead, glass, paint, and tea

boston massacre (1770)

a deadly confrontation on March 5, 1770, where British soldiers fired into a crowd of American colonists in Boston, killing five people

tea act (1773)

taxed tea imports to the colonies and gave the British East India Company the right to ship tea directly to the colonies, making it cheaper to ship tea to the colonies, keeping the company from going bankrupt

boston tea party (1773)

a political protest that took place on December 16, 1773, in which American colonists, disguised as Native Americans, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest British taxation without representation and the monopoly granted to the East India Company by the Tea Act of 1773

Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts (1774)

closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the destruction of the tea, effectively shutting down the economy of New England

First Continental Congress (1774)

• leaders from twelve colonies (Georgia did not participate because it needed British military aid) met in Philadelphia and petitioned the British government to repeal the Intolerable Acts

• created local committees in each town to enforce the boycott of British goods

• this organization was called the Association

• agreed to meet a year later (May 1775) if Parliament had not repealed the act

Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775)

• the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War, where British troops marched from Boston to seize colonial military supplies in Concord

• colonial militias, warned by riders like Paul Revere, confronted the British in Lexington and later at Concord's North Bridge

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

• a revolutionary war battle where colonial forces fortified a hill overlooking Boston and repelled the British army's attacks multiple times, even though the British ultimately took the hill after the colonists ran out of ammunition

• Gage and his generals launched an offensive against the colonial position in Boston in May 1775, beginning the battle

• even though it ended technically in a British victory, the perceived invincibility of the British army was destroyed as the colonists knew they were winning the battle

• British suffered 3x more losses than the colonists

Second Continental Congress (1775)

• met in Philadelphia in May 1775

• Georgia was the only colony not represented

• meeting was originally planned to follow up on the request for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts

• now had to decide how to respond to Parliament refusing to repeal the Intolerable Acts and the battles of Lexington and concord 

• divided into two factions over how to respond to the crisis

• One faction called for immediate independence, second faction consisted of those who believed the relationship with Britain could be reconciled

• adopted the olive branch petition due to the reconsiliationalists

Olive Branch Petition

• asking King George III to help protect the colonists from the tyranny of Parliament and to repeal the Intolerable Acts

• king George rejected it and issued the Prohibitory Act (1775)

Prohibitory Act

britain ended trade with the colonies and declared rebellion on the colonies

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

• delivered a powerful, emphatic message for independence and it was written in common language for all to understand

• challenged the reconciliationist position that Parliament was at fault and acting tyrannically, not the king

• argued that a monarchy by definition was tyrannical

• pamphlet was published as news arrived from England that King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation

granted freedom to any enslaved people who enlisted in the British army (november 1775)

Battle of Saratoga

• the Americans had their first major battlefield victory

• prevented the British from launching an attack from Canada

• the victory convinced the French that the Americans could win the war, leading the French to sign the Treaty of Alliance with the United States

• a decisive American victory during the American Revolution in 1777, where the Continental Army defeated a superior British force, leading to the first large-scale surrender of British troops in the war

Valley Forge

• the encampment site for George Washington's Continental Army during the harsh winter of 1777-1778 during the American Revolution

• approximately 2,500 soldiers died of famine, disease, or the cold. food and supplies were in short supply

Baron von Steuben

• a former Prussian military officer

• had been removed from the Prussian military because he was openly gay

• drilled the American troops and kept them disciplined while reorganizing the army’s camp and introducing the importance of sanitation

• was credited with creating a professional American army

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

• the decisive siege in the American Revolution where American and French forces surrounded and defeated a major British army under General Cornwallis, leading to a British surrender that effectively secured American independence and ended the war

• Washington and Lafayette led 17,000 men to attack Cornwallis’ 7,500 men

• Cornwallis surrendered his army on October 19, 1781

Treaty of Paris (1783)

• officially ended the American Revolution by recognizing the United States as an independent nation and established its boundaries

• France also wanted to keep the United States east of the Appalachian Mountains and reclaim territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River that it lost in the French and Indian War

• once France’s goals were clear, American negotiators met secretly with British representatives to work out a peace agreement, British gave the u.s territory that the french wanted

• The French were upset, but Franklin convinced them to sign officially ending the Revolutionary War in 1783

• doubled the size of the United States, extending its border west to the Mississippi River

Western Confederacy (and Little Turtle)

• a pan-Indian movement, unified Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley against the invading United States

• led and formed by a Miami Indian

Battle of Fallen Timbers and Treaty of Greenville (1795)

• the final clash in the Northwest Indian War (1794), where U.S. forces decisively defeated a Native American confederacy, resulting in the Treaty, which forced the tribes to cede vast lands in the Ohio Country to the United States

• General Wayne defeated the Western Confederacy, composed of 2,000 men

• The U.S. victory was due mostly to the destruction of Native American crops

• Little Turtle was forced to cede most of the Northwest Territory to the United States

• the Native Americans in the Northwest were promised a permanent boundary between their lands and U.S. territory and they were to be treated as sovereign groups

• Little Turtle represented the Miami Indians in the treaty, but the U.S. claimed the treaty was signed on behalf of all of Native American nations in the Ohio Valley, even though they were not present at the negotiations

Neutrality Proclamation (1793)

stated the United States would stay out of the European conflict between England and France (conflict was due to English opposition of the french revolution)

Citizen Genet

• a French man who visited the United States as an ambassador to gain support for the French revolutionary government

• tried to argue that President Washington’s position did not represent the thinking of the American people, urging Congress to override Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

• equipped American privateers to oppose the British

• created a lot of division between the U.S. and French revolutionary government

• most Americans viewed his message as an insult and it led more people to oppose the French Revolution

• created more division between the pro-French Democratic-Republicans and pro-British Federalists

• became a U.S. citizen (to avoid execution in france) and married the daughter of New York’s governor, George Clinton

Jay Treaty (1795)

the British agreed to leave their forts in the west and the United States agreed to pay back all debts owed before the Revolutionary War, and to compensate British citizens (Loyalists) for all property lost during the Revolutionary War

Treaty of San Lorenzo / Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)

• dealt with use of the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans and the U.S.-Spanish border in Florida

• the U.S. gained access to the Mississippi River and use of the port of New Orleans

• led to more westward migration

• Both sides (us and spain) agreed to the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Washington gave the country two warnings–do not form political parties and do not enter into “permanent alliances” with other countries

• Washington’s message not to join any alliances was a response to the French Revolution

• public letter published in 1796 that outlined President George Washington's decision to retire after two terms, setting a precedent for future presidents

XYZ Affair

• Three French ministers, later referred to as *** by the United States, demanded a bribe of $250,000 be paid and a $12 million loan be given before a meeting with the French government would be held

• the event became public, despite john adams’s efforts, and many Americans were angered, seeing this as an insult

• caused more anti-French, anti-Democratic-Republican sentiment, and led to a rise in popularity for Adams and the Federalist Party

Quasi-War (1798-1800)

• an undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800, fought mainly in the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast

• Federalists called for war with France, but Adams refused to be pushed into a war the country was unprepared to fight

• Both countries met in the Convention of 1800, resulting in an end to the war

hatian revolution

• In 1791, enslaved Africans, inspired by the French Revolution, rose up against French rule and slavery

• rebels were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

• After a decade of fighting, the Haitians defeated the French army and founded the Republic of Haiti in 1801

• the rebels won in their fight for freedom against france, causing fear in the u.s that american slaves would also revolt and win their freedom

Louisiana purchase

• napoleon believed he could not create a french empire in america because of the hatian revolution

• Napoleon offered to sell Louisiana to the United States to raise money in preparation for war with England

• The U.S. agreed to pay France $15 million for louisiana

• this purchase doubled the size of the United States

lewis and clark (and sacagawea)

• led the Corps of Discovery expedition across the Louisiana Purchase

• trek was ultimately made possible by the guidance of Shoshone Indians, and especially a specific woman

• her presence was vital because she served as a translator, and her being there led native americans not to view the expedition as military

• expedition began near St. Louis and followed the Missouri River to the Columbia River and the Pacific Coast

• brought back important information about the Native American nations and the flora and fauna of the land

• established the foundation for U.S.

  expansion across the Mississippi River to the West Coast

barbary pirates

• attacked U.S. shipping, taking sailors hostage and demanding a tribute be paid so more sailors would not be taken hostage

• based on the coast in North Africa

• the u.s fought 2 wars against them, finally succeeding in 1815, stopping the attacks for good

impressment

the British practice of forcibly seizing American sailors from ships to serve in the Royal Navy, which caused significant outrage and heightened tensions with the U.S

chesapeake affair

• an infamous example of impressment in 1807

• A U.S. warship was stopped by a British warship, Leonard, ten miles off the coast of Virginia

• the british attacked and boarded the U.S. ship, killing three Americans, and impressing four people

• humiliated the united states

embargo act (1807)

• ended all imports and exports by the United States

• devastated Federalist trade interests in New England

• was really bad for the u.s economy and many lost their jobs and went bankrupt

non intercourse act (1809)

reopened trade with all countries except France and Britain, replaced the embargo act

division over war of 1812

• The west and south favored the war and the northeast opposed it

• primarily stemmed from Federalists in New England opposing the war for economic reasons and its perceived threat to their lucrative trade, while the pro-war faction of Democratic-Republicans, led by "war hawks", pushed for conflict to defend American honor, expand territory, and counter British interference with American shipping and Native Americans

tecumseh and tenskwatawa

• created a pan-Indian movement to resist U.S. expansion into the Ohio River Valley

• also led a social movement that attempted to preserve Native American cultures from assimilation

• one became a medicine man and began a religious revival movement that discouraged drinking

• the other believed that only armed resistance would stop the U.S. from moving west, so he asked the british for assisance

battles of tippecanoe and the thames

• The U.S. outnumbered Native Americans 3:1 in the battle

• Tecumseh was killed at the end of the battle and the U.S. victory opened the Ohio River Valley to more white settlement

• a U.S. victory led by William Henry Harrison against Tecumseh's brother, The Prophet, weakening his Native American confederacy and contributing to increased anti-British sentiment

• a decisive U.S. victory during the War of 1812 in Canada, where British forces were defeated and the Shawnee leader Tecumseh was killed, ending indian resistance and solidifying american control

battle of horseshoe bend

• the decisive 1814 victory led by General Andrew Jackson against the Red Stick Creek Indians in modern-day Alabama, effectively ending the Creek War

• Jackson and his men massacred and cut the noses off of over five hundred fifty Creeks and skinned the dead to create souvenir bridle reins for their horses

battle of new orleans (1815)

• British sent eight thousand of their best troops to attack new orleans

• Americans were led into battle by General Andrew Jackson

• British put together a complicated three-part attack on New Orleans that fell apart

• jackson brought Americans to victory in the battle after approximately thirty minutes of fighting

• the decisive and lopsided American victory in the War of 1812, occurring on January 8, 1815

treaty of ghent (1814)

• officially ended the war of 1812

• made clear that the United States would be an independent country

• Even though it called for the return of Native Americans lands taken after 1811, this part of the agreement was not upheld

• began the era of good feelings

rush-bagot treaty (1817)

• disarmed the border between British Canada and the United States in the Great Lakes region by removing fleets from the Great Lakes, where tensions had been high since the Revolutionary War

• britain and the u.s signed the treaty

• established the foundation of a peaceful, unarmed border between the United States and Canada

convention of 1818

• set the boundary between the United States and British Canada from the Great Lakes west to the Rocky Mountains

• Both sides also agreed to the joint occupation of the contested Oregon Country for ten years

• a treaty between the United States and Great Britain that resolved several longstanding boundary and territory disputes following the War of 1812

first seminole war (1816-1818)

• General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish Florida in 1816, beginning this war

• native American refusal to surrender their African American members and their creation of a refuge for runaway slaves sparked the war

• sent to Georgia to patrol the border but Jackson overstepped his orders to prevent enslaved people from running away to freedom in Florida and to prevent Native Americans from attacking Georgia

adams-onis treaty (1819)

• Spain sold Florida to the United States for $5 million

• the United States agreed not to send aid to support Latin American revolutions

• It established a clear boundary line separating U.S. territory from Spanish land (which would soon become Mexico), running all the way to the Pacific Ocean

monroe doctrine (1823)

• announced that there would be no further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere

• announced that the United States would stay out of all European affairs

• inspired nationalism in the United States, but it was a bluff that the United States could not have defended if challenged

• set the foundation for U.S. dominance of the Western Hemisphere that continues in the present day

• established the foundation of a foreign policy theme in U.S. history; the conflicting goals and tensions created between American self-interest and idealism

• displayed self-interest in turning the Americas from European-controlled to U.S.-controlled

• exhibited U.S. ideals due to the call to end colonialism in support of independence movements

• showed support for imperialism and liberation simultaneously

“five civilized tribes”

• some of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole nations agreed to assimilate to varying degrees in the hopes of peace and survival

• referred to as this because of their adoption of white culture

• many members became farmers, spoke English, converted to Christianity, adopted private property, and some even practiced slavery

indian removal act (1830)

• this law targeted the “Five Civilized Tribes”

• supported by andrew jackson

• authorized the president to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes for their lands east of the Mississippi River in exchange for territory west of the river

worcester v. georgia (1832)

• this man was supportive of the Cherokee, advising the Cherokee on how to defend their land against the state government of Georgia, leading to his arrest

• Georgia’s state government wanted to assert its control over Native American affairs and land after gold was discovered on Cherokee land

• The Cherokee appealed to the Supreme Court to stop Georgia’s actions

• the Supreme Court sided with the Cherokee, ruling that the states did not have the right to impose laws on and regulate Native American lands

• President Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court decision, claiming Georgia had the right to decide what to do with Cherokee land

trail of tears (1837)

• This policy led to the forced removal of all Native Americans east of the Mississippi River

• When some Cherokee Indians refused to leave their land, Jackson sent 7,000 troops to remove them by force

• Fifteen thousand members of the Cherokee, Seminole, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek nations were forcibly removed from their homes to Indian Territory, which lacked resources

• about 25% of the Native Americans forcibly removed on the journey died

black hawk war (1832)

• began when a native led the Sac and Fox Indians back from a winter stay in Iowa to Illinois to plant corn

• White squatters claimed they were being invaded and called the Illinois militia and federal troops in for defense

• troops massacred the Sac and Fox farmers, even after their leader raised a white flag of surrender

second seminole war (1835-1842)

• osceola led the Indians against the United States in another war

• the longest war against Native Americans in U.S. history

• indians were ordered to move west following the Indian Removal Act, but most refused to leave leading to this war

• over 1,500 died on both sides of the war and Osceola was eventually captured by the U.S. army

• Osceola was taken to Fort Moultrie where he soon died as a prisoner of war

• approximately five hundred Indians were never captured and remained in the Florida Everglades

stephen austin

• took over leadership of recruiting the three-hundred American families to go to mexico, his brother wanted to do this but he died

• known as the "Father of Texas" who founded the first successful Anglo-American settlement in the region in 1822 by bringing 300 American families to Texas, which was then part of Mexico

• efforts attracted more American settlers, but also led to increasing tensions with the Mexican government over issues like slavery, eventually contributing to the Texas Revolution

battle for texan independence

• many issues in Texas caused them to break away from Mexico and revolt

• texan opposition to the Mexican government centered around paying taxes, and beginning in 1829, Mexico’s abolition of slavery

• the Mexican dictator, Santa Anna, defeated the texans and Americans in texas 

• Eventually, the Texans, led by General Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna’s forces at the Battle of San Jacinto

• Santa Anna was forced to sign a treaty that declared Texas an independent country in 1836

webster-ashburton treaty

• roughly divided the disputed territory in half and permanently ended the border controversy and a full-scale war was avoided

• signed in 1842 by the u.s and britain

• main purpose was to settle several long-standing border disputes between the U.S. and the British North American colonies (which later became Canada), particularly the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick (northern border between the u.s and british Canada)

oregon treaty

a treaty between the United States and Great Britain that peacefully settled the boundary of the Oregon Territory by dividing it in half

causes for mexican american war

• The Mexican government was angered by a border dispute with the United States, the u.s believed that the border was at the rio grande while Mexico thought the border was at the nueces river

• angered by Mexico’s refusal to sell California, President Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to the Nueces River and hoped this action would provoke an attack by the Mexican army

• the u.s army crossed into Mexican territory, therefore invading mexico, but nothing happened

• Polk decided to ask Congress to declare war against Mexico on the grounds that Mexico owed five million dollars to the United States

• previous to the declaration of war, Mexican military attacked Americans 

• Polk then claimed to Congress that Mexico invaded the u.s to Americans must fight back

spot resolution

• a request introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by then-Congressman Abraham Lincoln (a Whig) during the Mexican-American War

• Lincoln demanded that President James K. Polk identify the exact "spot" on American soil where, as Polk claimed, Mexican troops had shed American blood, thus justifying the declaration of war

• challenged the legitimacy of the Mexican American war

treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo (1848)

• gave the United States the northern half of Mexico, including present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado

• in return the United States paid Mexico $15 million and promised to respect the culture, rights, and property of Mexican citizens that now were living in the United States and not to discriminate against them

• this part of the treaty would not be respected, americans would not respect mexican culture

wilmot proviso

• showed that even during war the United States remained deeply divided sectionally over slavery

• a legislative proposal in 1846 to ban slavery in any territory acquired by the United States from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War, was never passed but signified u.s division over slavery

joaquin murrieta

• became one of the most famous defenders of the Mexican community

• an infamous bandit to white Californians

• was known as the “Mexican Robin Hood” because he stole cattle and robbed banks, giving the cattle and money to the poor

• emerged in this role after experiencing personal and family tragedies

• his wife was gang-raped and killed and his brother was lynched by white gold claim jumpers, had two gold mine claims jumped as well

• he tried to get justice through the California courts, but was not successful in any of these cases

• formed a gang called The Five … to redress his grievances and those of other Mexicans

• in 1853, at the age of 24, he was killed by the California Rangers

• remained a hero among Mexican Americans for his efforts to defend the community from vigilantism

las gorras blancas

• “the white caps”

• carried out a militant defense against those who squatted on the land of neomexicanos (Spanish speaking natives) and fenced it off

• there were between seven hundred and one thousand five hundred people of hooded nightriders

• founded by Juan José Herrera, a former Knights of Labor union organizer

• developed a class-consciousness, focusing on the rights of the poor

• cut fences, burned buildings and farm equipment, destroyed railroad lines and bridges, and threatened those who allegedly encroached on their land

• group’s activities ended in the early 1890s

ostend manifesto

• southern democrats had secretly been pressuring spain to sell cuba to the u.s so that they could make it a slave state

• documents indicating this secret were leaked to the press thus creating this incident

• three american diplomats were plotting this attempt in belgium