UTS MIDTERMS (copy)

Philosophy

Study of knowledge through rational inquiry, addressing the nature and existence of man and the world.

Self

A unified being connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency.

Socratic Method

A dialogue of asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking.

Tripartite Soul

Plato's concept divided into three parts: Appetitive, Spirited, and Rational Souls.

Appetitive Soul

The part of the soul driven by desires and physical needs.

Spirited Soul

The aspect of the soul linked to courage and competition.

Rational Soul

The thinking part of the soul that plans and decides actions.

Methodical Doubt

René Descartes' process of questioning to reach self-understanding.

Cogito, ergo sum

Descartes' assertion meaning 'I think, therefore I am', confirming existence through thought.

Tabula Rasa

John Locke's idea that individuals are born as a blank slate, shaped by experiences.

Self-Estrangement

Karl Marx's term for feeling detached from one's work and society.

Social Interactionism

George Herbert Mead's idea that self is formed through social interactions.

Generalized Others

Internalization of widespread cultural norms and expectations.

I

The spontaneous, acting self in Mead's theory.

Me

The reflective, societal self in Mead's theory.

Ghost in the Machine

Gilbert Ryle's metaphor illustrating the complexity of human behavior.

Eliminative Materialism

Paul Churchland's view that self is connected to brain activity.

Phenomenology of Perception

Maurice Merleau-Ponty's concept integrating mind and body.

Union of Body and Soul

Thomas Aquinas' idea emphasizing the relationship between physical and spiritual beings.

Collective Representations

David Émile Durkheim's concept of society shaping notions of self through shared norms.

Unconscious

The area of mind where deeply buried memories are stored, requiring special techniques to access.

Self-Concept

The individual's belief about themselves, including attributes and identity.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Carl Rogers' concept of accepting and supporting others without judgment.

Self-Schema

Organized system of knowledge about who we are, including interests and traits.

Existential Self

The concept of being unique and different from others.

Categorical Self

Focus on visible characteristics and societal roles.

Real Self

Who you are at the moment, including your actual interests and challenges.

Ideal Self

Who you aspire to be and the ideals shaped by society.

Ought Self

Who you think you should be based on external expectations and responsibilities.

Self-Esteem

Positive or negative evaluation of one’s own worth.

Social Comparison Theory

The theory that self-esteem is influenced by comparisons with others.

Downward Social Comparison

Gaining self-esteem by comparing with those worse off.

Upward Social Comparison

Comparison with those better off, potentially lowering self-esteem.

Private Self

Internal standards and private thoughts.

Public Self

The image presented to others, often seeking a positive reflection.

Self-Consciousness

Excessive self-awareness that leads to concern about being judged by others.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's method for treating psychological issues through dialogue.

True Self

The authentic identity, distinct from societal expectations.

False Self

The identity shaped by adaptations to societal norms.

Individualistic Orientation

Western thought emphasizing personal rights and independent thinking.

Collectivistic Orientation

Eastern thought focusing on social responsibility and community harmony.

Rationalism

The philosophical approach that seeks truth through reason and empirical evidence.

Holistic View

The understanding that the self is interconnected with others and the cosmos.

Confucianism

Eastern philosophy emphasizing societal roles and virtues like righteousness.

Taoism

The philosophy advocating harmony with the universal way (Tao) and simplicity.

Buddhism

The belief in overcoming suffering through detachment and recognizing impermanence.

Existentialism

Philosophy stressing individual freedom and personal responsibility.

Self-Actualization

The realization of one’s potential, as defined by Maslow.

Symbolic Anthropology

Clifford Geertz's concept for how cultures express inherited conceptions.

Cultural Divide

Differences in self-perceptions shaped by varying cultural contexts.

Life's Realities

Acceptance of life’s truths, central in Eastern thought.

Collective Representation

The shared norms and values that shape an individual’s self-perception.

Socrates

• Emphasized knowing oneself as the foundation of knowledge.

• Recognized ignorance as the starting point for acquiring wisdom.

Plato

• Student of Socrates; promoted the idea of self-knowledge.

• Known as the Father of Academia; explored themes of virtue and intelligence in literature.

St. Augustine

• Emphasized God's influence on personal identity and existence.

René Descartes

• Known as the Father of Modern Philosophy; introduced modern dualism (mind and body).

John Locke

• Introduced the idea of tabula rasa (blank slate), emphasizing experiences in forming identity.

David Hume

• Believed our understanding of self is fluid and constantly evolving based on experiences.

Immanuel Kant

Focused on transcendental apperception: consciousness of self that integrates experiences.

Sigmund Freud

• Father of Psychoanalysis: examined unconscious drives in personality development.

Gilbert Ryle

• Suggested self is reflected through behavior, rejecting dualism of mind and body.

Paul Churchland

• Argued self is connected to brain activity; focused on eliminative materialism.

• Mind does not exist, only brain.

Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty

• Proposed phenomenology of perception, integrating mind and body as one.

Thomas Aquinas

Emphasized the importance of understanding human existence through both material and spiritual dimensions.

George Herbert Mead

Developed Symbolic Interactionism: self is formed through social interactions.

Self-awareness

• the ability to focus on yourself and how your actions, thoughts, or emotions do or don't align with your internal standards.

Self-Image

was developed in recognizing how others perceive us, we are constantly trying to put ourselves in the shoes of another and think about how they are seeing this event or situation or this action transpiring —- this is imitation.

Henri de Saint-Simon

• Historic founder of French Socialism

• Origin of many ideas elaborated into Comtism

Herbert Spencer

Who discovered Synthetic Philisophy?

Albert Bandura

Proposed that self-efficacy influences personal motivation and behavior.

Karl Marx

Described theory of self-estrangement or self-alienation: feeling detached from one’s work and society.

Max Weber

Discussed capitalism and self in relation to social structures and ethical implications.

David Émile Durkheim

Emphasized collective representations; societies shape concepts of self through shared norms.

Marcel Mauss

• introduced the idea of personne (social identity) and moi (core identity).

• Argued that selfhood stems from social context and cultural interactions.

Clifford Geertz

Americal cultural anthropologist who defined culture as a “system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.

William James

Conceptualized self through "Me" (social self) and "I" (thinking self).

Carl Rogers

Introduced concepts of self-concept and unconditional positive regard in personality development.

Unconditional Positive Regard

 refers to accepting and supporting another exactly as they are, without evaluating or judging them.

Carver and Scheier

Who introduced public and private self

Sigmund Freud

provided not only a revolutionary way of understanding human personality but also how society affects our psychology. His theory of human personality revealed another facet of society.

Primitive classification

Mauss and Durkheim book

Morphing phenomenon

two faces, moi and personne

What was Durkheim and Mauss’ model

society itself

classes of men

The first classes of things were

magic

best understood as beliefs and behavior

power, natural forces, symbols, cosmic interconnections, similarity, contact

six basic principles of magic

sympathetic magic

similarity and contact

James George Frazer

described two principles of sympathetic magic

homeopathy

founded on the notion that "like produces like".

contagion

holds that there is a lasting connection between things that were once in contact.

magician

we call a person who accomplishes magical actions a

magical representation

those ideas and beliefs that correspond to magical actions.

magical rites

magical actions are called

The Golden Bough

James George Frazer’ famous book

Mana

sacred power

totemism

a system of belief in which humans are said to have kinship or a mystical relationship with a spirit being, such as an animal or plant.

Edward Burnett Taylor

proposed his theory that sacrifice was originally a gift to the gods to secure their favor or to minimize their hostility.

do ut des

“I give that you may give”

semiotics

the study of the use of symbolic communication.

pure ego

means by which one manufactured a "continuity of consciousness" and, therefore, a sense of self.