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Philosophy
Study of knowledge through rational inquiry, addressing the nature and existence of man and the world.
Self
A unified being connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency.
Socratic Method
A dialogue of asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking.
Tripartite Soul
Plato's concept divided into three parts: Appetitive, Spirited, and Rational Souls.
Appetitive Soul
The part of the soul driven by desires and physical needs.
Spirited Soul
The aspect of the soul linked to courage and competition.
Rational Soul
The thinking part of the soul that plans and decides actions.
Methodical Doubt
René Descartes' process of questioning to reach self-understanding.
Cogito, ergo sum
Descartes' assertion meaning 'I think, therefore I am', confirming existence through thought.
Tabula Rasa
John Locke's idea that individuals are born as a blank slate, shaped by experiences.
Self-Estrangement
Karl Marx's term for feeling detached from one's work and society.
Social Interactionism
George Herbert Mead's idea that self is formed through social interactions.
Generalized Others
Internalization of widespread cultural norms and expectations.
I
The spontaneous, acting self in Mead's theory.
Me
The reflective, societal self in Mead's theory.
Ghost in the Machine
Gilbert Ryle's metaphor illustrating the complexity of human behavior.
Eliminative Materialism
Paul Churchland's view that self is connected to brain activity.
Phenomenology of Perception
Maurice Merleau-Ponty's concept integrating mind and body.
Union of Body and Soul
Thomas Aquinas' idea emphasizing the relationship between physical and spiritual beings.
Collective Representations
David Émile Durkheim's concept of society shaping notions of self through shared norms.
Unconscious
The area of mind where deeply buried memories are stored, requiring special techniques to access.
Self-Concept
The individual's belief about themselves, including attributes and identity.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Carl Rogers' concept of accepting and supporting others without judgment.
Self-Schema
Organized system of knowledge about who we are, including interests and traits.
Existential Self
The concept of being unique and different from others.
Categorical Self
Focus on visible characteristics and societal roles.
Real Self
Who you are at the moment, including your actual interests and challenges.
Ideal Self
Who you aspire to be and the ideals shaped by society.
Ought Self
Who you think you should be based on external expectations and responsibilities.
Self-Esteem
Positive or negative evaluation of one’s own worth.
Social Comparison Theory
The theory that self-esteem is influenced by comparisons with others.
Downward Social Comparison
Gaining self-esteem by comparing with those worse off.
Upward Social Comparison
Comparison with those better off, potentially lowering self-esteem.
Private Self
Internal standards and private thoughts.
Public Self
The image presented to others, often seeking a positive reflection.
Self-Consciousness
Excessive self-awareness that leads to concern about being judged by others.
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's method for treating psychological issues through dialogue.
True Self
The authentic identity, distinct from societal expectations.
False Self
The identity shaped by adaptations to societal norms.
Individualistic Orientation
Western thought emphasizing personal rights and independent thinking.
Collectivistic Orientation
Eastern thought focusing on social responsibility and community harmony.
Rationalism
The philosophical approach that seeks truth through reason and empirical evidence.
Holistic View
The understanding that the self is interconnected with others and the cosmos.
Confucianism
Eastern philosophy emphasizing societal roles and virtues like righteousness.
Taoism
The philosophy advocating harmony with the universal way (Tao) and simplicity.
Buddhism
The belief in overcoming suffering through detachment and recognizing impermanence.
Existentialism
Philosophy stressing individual freedom and personal responsibility.
Self-Actualization
The realization of one’s potential, as defined by Maslow.
Symbolic Anthropology
Clifford Geertz's concept for how cultures express inherited conceptions.
Cultural Divide
Differences in self-perceptions shaped by varying cultural contexts.
Life's Realities
Acceptance of life’s truths, central in Eastern thought.
Collective Representation
The shared norms and values that shape an individual’s self-perception.
Socrates
Emphasized knowing oneself as the foundation of knowledge.
Recognized ignorance as the starting point for acquiring wisdom.
Plato
Student of Socrates; promoted the idea of self-knowledge.
Known as the Father of Academia; explored themes of virtue and intelligence in literature.
St. Augustine
Emphasized God's influence on personal identity and existence.
René Descartes
Known as the Father of Modern Philosophy; introduced modern dualism (mind and body).
John Locke
Introduced the idea of tabula rasa (blank slate), emphasizing experiences in forming identity.
David Hume
Believed our understanding of self is fluid and constantly evolving based on experiences.
Immanuel Kant
Focused on transcendental apperception: consciousness of self that integrates experiences.
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis: examined unconscious drives in personality development.
Gilbert Ryle
Suggested self is reflected through behavior, rejecting dualism of mind and body.
Paul Churchland
Argued self is connected to brain activity; focused on eliminative materialism.
Mind does not exist, only brain.
Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty
Proposed phenomenology of perception, integrating mind and body as one.
Thomas Aquinas
Emphasized the importance of understanding human existence through both material and spiritual dimensions.
George Herbert Mead
Developed Symbolic Interactionism: self is formed through social interactions.
Self-awareness
the ability to focus on yourself and how your actions, thoughts, or emotions do or don't align with your internal standards.
Self-Image
was developed in recognizing how others perceive us, we are constantly trying to put ourselves in the shoes of another and think about how they are seeing this event or situation or this action transpiring —- this is imitation.
Henri de Saint-Simon
Historic founder of French Socialism
Origin of many ideas elaborated into Comtism
Herbert Spencer
Who discovered Synthetic Philisophy?
Albert Bandura
Proposed that self-efficacy influences personal motivation and behavior.
Karl Marx
Described theory of self-estrangement or self-alienation: feeling detached from one’s work and society.
Max Weber
Discussed capitalism and self in relation to social structures and ethical implications.
David Émile Durkheim
Emphasized collective representations; societies shape concepts of self through shared norms.
Marcel Mauss
introduced the idea of personne (social identity) and moi (core identity).
Argued that selfhood stems from social context and cultural interactions.
Clifford Geertz
Americal cultural anthropologist who defined culture as a “system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.
William James
Conceptualized self through "Me" (social self) and "I" (thinking self).
Carl Rogers
Introduced concepts of self-concept and unconditional positive regard in personality development.
Unconditional Positive Regard
refers to accepting and supporting another exactly as they are, without evaluating or judging them.
Carver and Scheier
Who introduced public and private self
Sigmund Freud
provided not only a revolutionary way of understanding human personality but also how society affects our psychology. His theory of human personality revealed another facet of society.
Primitive classification
Mauss and Durkheim book
Morphing phenomenon
two faces, moi and personne
What was Durkheim and Mauss’ model
society itself
classes of men
The first classes of things were
magic
best understood as beliefs and behavior
power, natural forces, symbols, cosmic interconnections, similarity, contact
six basic principles of magic
sympathetic magic
similarity and contact
James George Frazer
described two principles of sympathetic magic
homeopathy
founded on the notion that "like produces like".
contagion
holds that there is a lasting connection between things that were once in contact.
magician
we call a person who accomplishes magical actions a
magical representation
those ideas and beliefs that correspond to magical actions.
magical rites
magical actions are called
The Golden Bough
James George Frazer’ famous book
Mana
sacred power
totemism
a system of belief in which humans are said to have kinship or a mystical relationship with a spirit being, such as an animal or plant.
Edward Burnett Taylor
proposed his theory that sacrifice was originally a gift to the gods to secure their favor or to minimize their hostility.
do ut des
“I give that you may give”
semiotics
the study of the use of symbolic communication.
pure ego
means by which one manufactured a "continuity of consciousness" and, therefore, a sense of self.
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