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Soil Science - 7. Soil Conservation and Management
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1
Soil erosion
detachment and subsequent transport of soil
undesirable process in agriculture mainly because of losses
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2
Mechanism of Soil Erosion
dispersion
raindrops splash soil sediments
supplied by kinetic energy
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3
Entrainment
Mechanism of Soil Erosion
transport of suspended soil from upslope to downhill
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4
Deposition
Mechanism of Soil Erosion
settles out under the action of gravity
rapid for sand
slow for clay
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5
Geologic erosion
Types of Soil Erosion
natural rate
natural process
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6
Geologic erosion
Types of Soil Erosion
smoothing downhill & mountains
1mm/yr = natural vegetation
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7
Accelerated erosion
removal of topsoil
associated with human activities
10mm/yr
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8
Raindrop
Forms of Soil Erosion
impact of raindrops
splashed at a longer distance
downslope
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9
Sheet
Forms of Soil Erosion
removal of thin layer ‘sheet’
most widespread and most damaging
recognized soil deposition
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10
Channel
Forms of Soil Erosion
water has concentrated > large mass
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11
Rill channel
small channels
water washing down rows
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12
Gully channel
advance rill erosion, increasing size of rills
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13
Stream channel
carrying off the soil material on the side
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14
Rainfall intensity
positively correlated to soil erosion
ratio of the total amount of rain (rainfall depth) falling during a given period to the duration of the period
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15
Rainfall erosivity
the potential ability to cause erosion
an index that describes the power of rainfall to cause soil erosion
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16
Soil erodibility
soil vulnerability to erosion
influenced by structural stability
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17
Estimation of Soil Erosion
guide in selecting the most appropriate system and management practices
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18
R
Estimation of Soil Erosion
rainfall positivity index
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19
K
Estimation of Soil Erosion
soil erodibility
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20
L
Estimation of Soil Erosion
slope length factor
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21
S
Estimation of Soil Erosion
slope gradient factor
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22
C
Estimation of Soil Erosion
cropping system and management factor
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23
P
Estimation of Soil Erosion
erosion control practice factor
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24
T
Estimation of Soil Erosion
tolerable soil loss
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25
Cultural Soil and Water Conservation Measures
Conservation tillage
correction of soil problems
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26
Biological Soil and Water Conservation Measures
Strip cropping (pilas-tanim)
Agroforestry
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27
Soil and Water Conservation MeasuresMechanical
Terracing; broad channels
Grassed waterways
Pond
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