Untitled Flashcards Set

Bacterial DNA

Typically a single, circular chromosome found in the nucleoid region, sometimes with plasmids.

Glycocalyx

An outer coating of polysaccharides and proteins that provides protection, adherence, and prevents dehydration.

Tumble

Random changes in direction during bacterial movement.

Chemotaxis

Movement of bacteria toward or away from chemicals.

Sex Pili

Longer structures in bacteria involved in conjugation, transferring DNA between bacteria.

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

Thick peptidoglycan layer, contains teichoic acids, stains purple.

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane, contains lipopolysaccharides, stains pink.

Mycoplasma

Atypical bacteria that lack a cell wall, making them resistant to certain antibiotics.

Plasma Membrane

Selective barrier controlling movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Efflux Pumps

Mechanisms that expel toxic substances, contributing to antibiotic resistance.

Binomial Nomenclature

The format of naming organisms, consisting of the genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase), both italicized or underlined.

Coccus

Spherical shape of bacteria.

Endocytosis

Process by which cells internalize substances, including phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Theory suggesting mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient bacteria, supported by similarities in DNA and reproduction.

Endospores

Structures that allow bacteria to survive harsh conditions, consisting of a core, cortex, and coat.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants and fungi.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, typically have peptidoglycan cell walls.

Sporulation

The process of forming endospores under stress.

Germination

The process of an endospore returning to its vegetative state.

Phototaxis

Movement of bacteria toward or away from light.

Fimbriae

Short, hair-like structures on bacteria for attachment.