Exam 3 Medical Terminology

Kidney function

form urine

ureter function

transport urine

bladder function

store urine

urethra function

excrete urine

location of kidneys

R/L in the lumbar region behind the abdominal cavity - closer to posterior

enzyme the kidney produces and its function

renin (raises BP)

hormone kidney produces and its function

erythropoeitin - stimulates RBC production

suprarenal glands

glands on top of kidneys - regulates metabolism, blood pressure, stress response, and immune system response

prostate gland

only men have it - surrounds urethra

micturition

medical term for urinating (some is voluntary and some is involuntary)

ACE-inhibitors

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: block renin to lower BP

blood flow through kidney

abdominal aorta —> renal arteries —> kidneys —> renal veins —> IVC

renal cortex

outer cortex of kidneys

renal medulla

inner cortex of kidneys

renal pyramids

inside renal medulla

nephrons

working units in the kidneys

renal capsule

outer layer of the renal cortex

renal calyx

collecting “cups”, catch and collect urine from the renal pyramids

minor calyx

each pyramid has a major calyx and each major calyx has a minor calyx

renal pelvis

calyx dumps urine into the funnel shaped renal pelvis to ureter to bladder

function of nephrons

filter waste from blood, put filtered blood back into ciruclation by tubular reabsorption

parts of a nephron

Bowman'‘s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule

renal artery

how blood enters kidney - branch of abdominal aorta

blood from renal artery goes where

into kidney —> Bowman’s capsule —> glomerulus

renal vein

how blood exits the kidney

glomerular filtrate

fluid from the nephron - mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste

main waste

urea

tubular reabsorption

everything that the nephron doesnt empty out

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

regulates the blood pH and promotes reabsorption of water

diuretics

help the body make more urine and eliminate excess fluid

kegel exercises

strengthen pelvic floor muscles to stop flow of urine

differences between male and female anatomy

female urethra - shorter and wider

male urethra - thinner and longer (carries urine and semen)

UTI risk - gender diff

females are much more likely to get UTIs because urethra is shorter and closer to vagina (females have separate reproductive and urinary tracts/men do not)

reno

kidney

nephro

kidney

glomerulo

glomerulus

pyelo

renal pelvisc

calio

calyx

uro

urine, urinary tract

urino

urine

uretero

ureterc

cysto

bladder

vesico

urinary bladder

urethro

urethra

UTI

urinary tract infection

UTI S/S

dysuria: pain or burning with urination

pyuria: pus-containing bacteria in urine

fever

cystitis

bladder infection

cystitis MOI

bacterial - E Coli

cystits S/S

pain in hypogastric region

fever

pyelonephritis

inflammation or infection of kidney

pyelonephritis MOI

urinary stasis - fecal matter in bladder to kidney - dehydration (not much urine, stays in kidney, bacteria grows)

pyelonephritis S/S

back pain, not emptying bladder regualrly or fully

urethritis

least serious, infection of urethra

urethritis MOI

STI usually

urethritis S/S

pain in urethra (females in vagina, males in penis), fever

difference between UTI and STI

STI - sexually transmitted, UTI - urinary tract

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of glomeruli and kidney; deep kidney infection; much less common; typically due to a bacterial infection somewhere else in the body

glomerulonephritis S/S

pain in lower back, fever, hypertension, edema, oliguria (leaky urine), hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine),

Renal failure

kidneys fail - nephrons die

chronic renal failure (CRF)

end stage renal disease coexists; chronic kindey infection, autoimmune disease, kidney cancer

acute renal failure

happens quickly; injury shock, toxicity, infection

kidenys arent working so they cant eliminate potassium in blood

hyperkalemia

high potassium

acute tubular necrosis

nephrons become inflamed and die as they move into renal pelvis

acute tubular necrosis S/S

dehydration, edema, hypertension, anemia, uremia, electrolyte imbalance (increased K+)

Treatment for acute tubular necrosis

dialysis

hemodialysis

most common; arteries and veins are filtered by machnie

continuous ambulatory dialysis

type of dialysis that’s done at home during day

continuous cyclic dialysis

done at night while the patient sleeps

renal transplant

replacing diseased kidney with a healthy one from a donor

urinary stones

urinary lithiasis - mostly made of calcium

renal colic

medical term for pain from a kidney stone obstruction

hydronephrosis

obstruction blocking flow of urine causing the collection of urine to get backed up in renal pelvis

treatment of urinary stones

some pass on their own; hydrate; lithotripsy - vibration to mechanically break stones into smaller pieces

bladder cancer

most common - bladder carcinoma

bladder cancer S/S

painless hematuria

bladder cancer diagnosis

cytoscope, IV urography, pyelography

bladder cancer treatment

radiation, chemotherapy, immunosuppressant therapy, surgery, cystectomy, ostomy bag

urinalysis

clean catch urine is tested - color and turbidity, light yellow, turbid ( cloudy)

what would urinalysis look for

specific gravity (concentration or weight), pH, enzyme and hormone levels, blood, chemical components (glucose, ketones, hemoglobin)

cranial cavity endocrine glands

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland

where in the brain is the hypothalamus

diencephalon

pituitary gland

anterior and posterior lobe, in the sell turcica (sphenoid bone), 6 hormones

pineal gland

releases melatonin; sleep cycle and circadian rhythm

endocrine glands in the neck

thyroid gland (T3 and T4) and parathyroid glands (parathyroid hormone)

what do the thyroid and parathyroid glands do

regulate calcitonin or calcium metabolism

endocrine gland in the thorax

thymus gland - top of ♡ by breastbone - secretes thymosin - immune

endocrine gland in the epigastric region

pancreas - releases glucagon and insulin - regulate glucose metabolism

lumbar endocrine glands

adrenal glands on top of kidney - secrete cortisol, aldosterone, norepinephrine, and epinephrine - fight or flight

reproductive endocrine glands

ovaries (estrogen and progesterone) and testes (testosterone)

2 categories of hormones

steroid hormones and amino acid hormones

steroid hormones

lipid based - sex glands and outer adrenal glands

amino acid hormones

protein based - other endocrine glands

how clinical conditions of the endocrine system arise (3 ways)

problems with hormone secretion, problem with target tissue, problem with endocrine glands themselves

six hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

GH (growth hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), PRL (prolactin)

2 hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and oxytocin

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

helps with water conservation by kidneys to conserve water and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

oxytocin

female reproductive system; stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor, promotes milk let down

T3 and T4

contain iodine bound to protein in the blood - iodine metabolism

parathryoid hormone

calcium metabolism - increasing blood calcium levels

outer cortex of adrenal gland hormones

cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone