HESI - Muscular

what type of muscle?

-cardiac muscle

-striated, branched

-cardiomyocytes with one nucleus

-cell junctions called intercalated discs

what type of muscle?

-skeletal muscle

-striated, long, cylindrical

-multiple nuclei

-myocytes with myoglobin make it reddish

what type of muscle?

-smooth muscle

-not striated

-spindle shaped, one nucleus

-less organized

epimysium

tendon

endomysium

fasicle

muscle fiber

perimysium

epicranial aponeurosis

-connective tissue band

-connects with the occipitofrontalis to wrinkle the forehead

occipitofrontalis muscle

-wrinkles the forehead

orbicularis oculi

-allows the eye to open and close

orbicularis oris muscle

-allows for puckering of the lips

buccinator

-chewing

levator scapulae

-moves the scapula up

medial and anterior scalenes

-deep muscles that help with lateral flexion

trapezius

-shrugs the shoulders

splenius

-neck and head movement

sternocleidomastoid

-important for turning the head

internal oblique

rectus abdominis (6 pack) within the rectus sheath

linea alba of the rectus sheath

external oblique

transverse abdominis

latissimus dorsi

-moves the humerous with the deltoid

anterior serratus muscle

pectoralis major

trapezius

minor and major rhomboids

-squeeze the shoulder blades together

red is the deltoid

purple is the latissimus dorsi

-both move the humerous

cervices meaning

attaching to the neck

capitus meaning

attaching to the head

thoracis meaning

attaching to the middle back

longissimus meaning

long fibers

lumborum meaning

attaching to the low back

multifidis muscles

short muscles that attach directly to the spine

rotator muscles

very deep, very small muscles that attach directly to the spine and help roatate it

triceps brachii

teres minor

-one of the rotator cuff muscles

supraspinatus

-most commonly torn rotator cuff muscle

infraspinatus

-roatator cuff muscle

4 rotator cuff muscles

-supraspinatus

-teres minor

-infraspinatus

-subscapularis

brachialis

biceps brachii

muscles on the front of the forearm general name

flexors

muscles on the back of the forearm general name

extensors

2 wrist muscles that allow for rotation

-pronator teres

-anconeus

forearm muscle used for reflexes

brachioradialis

word for relating to the thumb

pollicis

muscle word for short

brevis

sartorius

-tailor’s muscle

illiacus

-works with the psoas major for hip flexion form the iliopsoas

-runners can get tendonitis in it

psoas major

-works with the illiacus to form the illiopsoas for hip flexion

vastus medialis

-one of the quads

vastus lateralis

-one of the quads

rectum femoris

-one of the quads

4 quad muscles

-rectus femoris

-vastus medialis

-vastus lateralis

-vastus intermedias

superior and inferior gamellus

-rotate the hip

biceps femoris

-one of the hamstrings

semitendinosus

-one of the hamstrings

semimembranosus

-one of the hamstrings

gracilis

-works with the adductor group for adduction

adductor group

-works with the gracilis for adduction

gluteus maximus

(cut)

gluteus medius

-pelvic stability and injections

gluteus minimus

piriformis

-involved in sciatica

extensor hallicus longus

flibularis muscles

-longus

-brevis

-tertius

extensor digitorum longus

tibialis anterior

gastrocnemius

plantaris

-absent in 8-12% of population

soleus

calcaneal/achilles tendon

digitorum

relating to the digits/toes

hallucis

relating to the big toe

popliteus

tibialis posterior

what happens at A?

action potential goes down the motor neuron causing an influx of Ca into the axon terminal (B)

what happens at B/3?

Ca let into the axon terminal which causes the release of acetylcholine across the synaptic cleft to the motor end plate

what happens at 4 and 5?

acetylcholine moves across the synaptic cleft to the motor end plate.

promotes the opening of sodium channels into the skeletal muscle cell.

What happens at 6?

Na channels opening causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to depolarize, queue actin myosin dance

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

network of tubules that wraps around the muscle cell

-stores Ca from the blood until the muscle cell depolarizes, then releases Ca into the muscle cell

troponin-tropomyosin complex, double helix wrapped around actin

how big is a sarcomere

from 1 Z line to the next

-contractile unit

describe the T-tubules

-in the sarcolemma around the muscle cell

-tube like structures

-filled with extracellular fluid

-between them is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

cisternae

-network of membraneous channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

-cisternae near the T tubules are wider and called terminal cisterae

-tubule and 2 terminal cistern

steps of muscle contraction

1. myosin can’t attach to actin

2. Ca is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binds to troponin and moves it exposing the binding site

3. myosin binds to actin powered by ATP

4. myosin pulls actin causing the sarcomere to shorten

extensor def

increases the angle at a joint

flexor def

decreases angle at a joint

supination def

rotate forarm so palm faces anteriorly

pronation

rotate forearm so the palm faces posteriorly