Sports Science IB Exam

Inferior

Closer to the feet (below)

Superior

Closer to the head (above)

Proximal

Closer to the trunk

Distal

further from the trunk

Posterior

Closer to the back (behind)

Anterior

closer to the front (in front)

Internal

on the inside

External

On the outside

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Medial

Closer to the midline

What is “a”

bone

What is “b”?

Ligament, connects bone to bone

What is “c”?

Synovial cavity, holds synovial fluid (lubrication)

What is “d”?

Articular cartilage, absorbs shock and cushions joint

What is “e”?

Joint capsule

What is “f”?

synovial membrane, Secretes synovial fluid

What’s a?

nose

What’s b"?

mouth

What’s “c"?

bronchus

What’s “d"?

lung

what’s “e”

pharynx

What’s “f"?

larynx

What’s “g"?

trachea

What’s “h"?

Bronchioles

What’s “i"?

alveoli

What’s “J "?

diaphragm

Pulmonary Ventilation (PV)

Inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs (breathing)

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Volume of air in the lungs after maximun inhalation

What is the equation to find total lung capacity (TLC)?

VC+RV

Vital Capacity (VC)

Maximum volume that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Residual Volume (RV)

Volume still contained in the lungs after a maximum exhalation

Tidal Volume (TV)

Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath during normal breathing.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Additional inspired air above and over tidal volume

What’s the Vital Capacity (VC) equation?

TV+IRV+ERV

What is the pressure, volume, and where does the air go in inspiration (active)?

The pressure decreases, the volume goes down, and the air goes in

What is the pressure, volume, and where does the air go in expiration (passive)?

Pressure decreases, the volume decreases, and the air goes out

In inspiration, what intercostal muscles and what direction is the ribcage pulled?

The external intercostal muscles contract which pulls the ribcage up and out.

In expiration, what intercostal muscles and what direction is the ribcage pulled?

The internal intercostal muscles contract which pulls the ribcage in and down.

In inspiration the diaphragm does what and moves where?

diaphragm contracts and moves down

In expiration the diaphragm does what and moves where?

diaphragm relaxes and moves up

Heart rate is

beats per minute

Cardiac output

Stroke volume x heart rate (total volume of blood pumped)

Stroke Volume

Expands + heart rate increases during exercise (amount of blood pumped by each ventricle)

Compare the distribution of blood at rest and the redistribution of blood during exercise.

During exercise the muscles being used become the main demand on blood flow. At rest blood is distributed to major organs such as kidneys and liver.

Vo2 Max

represents the functional capacity of the oxygen transport system/ measures how much O2 your body uses during exercise

Carbohydrates

energy source

Fats

protection, buoyancy, synthesis + transport hormones, energy store

Proteins

Structure, transport/ communication, enzymes

Water

transports nutrients, waste products, hormones, gases

Vitamins +minerals

regulates metabolism, heartbeat, cellular pH, bone density

Essential amino acids

Cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through your diet

Non-essential amino acids

Can be synthesized by the human body

Glycogenolysis

Breaking down of glycogen into glucose

Lipolysis

Breaking down of lipids into fatty acids

Outline the function of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise

During fasting and exercise the blood glucose levels drop which makes adrenaline and glucagon to be released. This results in an increase in blood glucose through glycogenolysis and lipolysis for energy supply.

Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system.

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of O2. Pyruvate is the converted to lactic acid which limits the amount of ATP produced (2ATP).

Motor unit- what is a?

cell body

Motor unit- what is b?

dendrite

Motor unit- what is c?

nucleus

Motor unit- what is d?

axon

Motor unit- what is the missing one?

myelin sheath

Motor unit- what is e?

axon

Motor unit- what is f?

myelin sheath

Motor unit- what is g?

motor unit

Motor unit- what is h?

synapse

Motor unit- what is i?

muscle cells

Concentric Contraction

muscle is shortened during contraction

Eccentric contraction

muscle is contracting while lengthening

Isometric contraction

Muscle generates force without joint change

Isotonic Contraction

increase load on muscles

Isokinetic motion

Speed is fixed and resistance varies

Flexion Plane

Sagital

Flexion Def

Decreasing angle between joints

Extension Plane

sagital

Extension Def

Increasing angle between joints

Dorsiflexion Plane

sagital

Dorsiflexion def

elevating the sole

Plantar Flexion Plane

Sagital

Plantar Flexion Def

Elevating the heel (pointing toes)

Abduction Plane

Frontal

Abduction Def

movement away from the center

Adduction Plane

frontal

Adduction def

movement towards the center

Inversion Plane

frontal

Inversion Def

Ankle rolls out

Eversion Plane

Frontal

Eversion def

ankle rolls in

Medial rotation plane

transverse

medial rotation def

rotation towards midline

Lateral rotation plane

transverse

lateral rotation def

rotation away from midline

Supination plane

transverse

supination def

rotating palm up

Pronation plane

transverse

pronation def

rotating palm down

Analyze the distance time graph

A- moving away from start (positive velocity), B- standing still, C- moving forward at a faster speed, D- returning to home. Slope=velocity (m/s)

Analyze the velocity time graph

A-B= accelerating slope, B-C= moving at a steady speed, C-D= decelerating rapidly

Analyze Force-Time graph

larger area under the curve means there’s a larger force

Center of mass

point in which the mass of the body is evenly distributed