Biology Final 2

What is PCR?

Machine makes small pieces of DNA and replicates it so there’s a bigger sample

What is electrophoresis/DNA fingerprinting

Separates DNA by size to identify/create a DNA profile. The DNA is ran through gel and is separated by electrical charges

What is recombinant gene tech?

Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and inserting the desired gene

What are restriction enzymes?

Restriction enzymes are biological scissors to cut DNA

What is gene therapy?

Replacing defective gene with healthy genes and inserting them into the patient by using a vector or virus

What is stem cell therapy?

Making stem cells specialize in something and replacing tissue with it.

What is transgenic?

They are a type of GMO where a specific gene is replaced

What is therapeutic cloning?

A process of creating a cloned embryo to harvest stem cells that can be used for medical treatments.

What are epigenetics

The study of how gene activity is regulated without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Changing how genes are expressed

What rock are fossils found in

Sedimentary rock

What is the law of superposition

Each rock layer is a strata. Older layers are on the bottom

What rock cant be dated

Igneous rock

What is homologous structure

Same structure, different function

What is genetic drift

Random change in gene pool

What is gene flow

The movement of genes out and into a population

What is a structural adaptation

A body structure/body part

What is a physiological adaptation

Chemicals like enzymes, hormones, venom

What is stabilizing selection

For the average

What is directional selection

For one extreme

What is disruptive selection?

For both extremes

What is gene frequency?

How often we see a certain allele in a gene

What is gene equilibrium?

When the gene frequency of an allele remains the same from one generation to the next

What is allopatric speciation

Speciation because of a geographic barrier and different environments

What is sympatric speciation?

The species are in the same geographic area but new species arise because of behavioral changes

What is divergent evolution?

When one species splits into two

What is adaptive radiation?

When one species quickly evolves into many different species, each adapted to a specific environment or way of living.

What is convergent evolution?

When species in a different place evolve similarly because of similar environments

What is coevolution?

When two species evolve because of eachother

What is gradualism and who believed in it?

Darwin believed in it. It says evolution is slow and gradual without like stops

What is punctuated equilibrium?

The population evolves and then there’s little to no change for a long period of time

What is taxonomy?

The science of classifying living organisms

What are the stages of taxonomy?

Desperate King Philip Came Over From Germany Swimming. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Does archaebacteria have peptidoglycan?

No, eubacteria does.

What is a node?

When a branch splits off

What are sister taxa?

When the taxa evolve from the same common ancestor

What is a clade?

The ancestor and all the descendants

What are out-groups?

The taxa that is the least like the others, the oldest and least evolutionized one

What is population density?

The number of organisms per given area

What is the growth rate?

The change in size of a population over time caused by changes in birth rate, death, rate, and migration

What is geographic distribution?

The area on earth “homerange” in which we find a population

What is biotic potential?

Maximum reproduction rate of an organisn

What is population cycle?

The population growth and decline of individuals over time.

What is interspecific competition?

Competition between different species

Intraspecific

Competition between members of the same species

What is a tolerance limit?

An organisms limit when withstanding extreme conditions

What is symbiotic relationship/symbiosis?

When 2 or more organisms live closely together

Does energy increase or decrease for each trophic level?

It decreased and only 10% of carried up

What is biological magnification?

As pollutants/pesticides move through the food chain and becomes more concentrated higher up.